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Basics of Neurons and Neuroglia

Explore the fundamental aspects of neurons and neuroglia, from cell biology to neural connections. Learn about eukaryotic cells, the role of mitochondria, and the functions of neurons in processing and transmitting information. Dive into the different types of neurons and the essential functions of neuroglia in supporting the nervous system. Understand how the blood-brain barrier functions and the role of astrocytes in maintaining brain health.

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Basics of Neurons and Neuroglia

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  1. Neurons & Neuroglia Lesson 3

  2. Basic Cell Biology • Eukaryotic cells • Cell membrane • Nucleus • chromosomes • Cytoplasmic organelles • Mitochondria • Endoplasmic reticulum • ribosomes • microtubules & microfilaments ~

  3. Neurons • Basic functional unit of N.S. • Specialized cell • All cells have same basic properties • Regulation of behavior • Information processing • Transmits • Integrates • Stores ~

  4. Dendrites & Soma • Receives & Integrates information • electrical signal within ~

  5. Stimuli • Axon carries information away from soma • Electrical signal within • Axon terminal releases chemical message ~

  6. Sensory Motor Interneuron By function (connections)

  7. By morphology (# of neurites) Unipolar Multipolar Bipolar

  8. Neurons vs. Nerves • Neurons - cells • microscopic • Nerves - bundles of axons • seen with naked eye ~

  9. Neuroglia • Neural support cells • local influence at synapse • no role long distance signaling • Functions • exchange molecules with neurons • physical support • maintains microenvironment • Blood-brain barrier • immune system ~

  10. Astrocytes • Provide physical support • Regulating chemical content of extracellular fluid • localizes neurotransmitters • K+ concentration • Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) ~

  11. BBB: Function • Maintains stable brain environment • large fluctuations in periphery • Barrier to poisons • Retains neurotransmitters & other chemicals • Regulates nutrient supplies • glucose levels • active transport ~

  12. Brain Capillary astrocytes Typical Capillary Intercellular cleft tight junction Fenestra Blood-Brain Barrier No fenestra

  13. Neuroglia: Myelin • Wrap around axon • Saltatory Conduction • faster transmission • CNS: oligodendrocytes • PNS: Schwann cells ~

  14. Microglia • Immune-like function • macrophage • foreign cells • cellular debris ~

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