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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. Measuring a Nation’s Income. Two Methods of Computing An Economy’s Income (Fig. 22-1). Expenditure Approach : Sum the total expenditures by households (from the top portion of the circular flow). Resource Cost or Income Approach :

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter 22 Measuring a Nation’s Income

  2. Two Methods of Computing An Economy’s Income (Fig. 22-1) • Expenditure Approach: • Sum the total expenditures by households (from the top portion of the circular flow). • Resource Cost or Income Approach: • Sum the total wages and profit paid by firms for resources (from the bottom portion of the circular flow).

  3. The Economy’s Income and Expenditure • When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning. • For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure.

  4. Gross Domestic Product The total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given period of time within a country.

  5. Important Features of GDP • Goods/services are valued at market determined prices. • Only new output is counted. • GDP records only the output of final goods. We want to “count” production only once. • Transfer purchases not included.

  6. What Is and What Is Not Counted in GDP? • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. • GDP does not include items produced and consumed at home and never enter the marketplace. It does not include items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.

  7. Gross National Product The total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given period of time by the nation’s residents, regardless of the place produced.

  8. Three Other Measures of Income • Net Domestic Product (NDP): • Total income of residents of a nation after subtracting capital consumption allowances (depreciation). • Personal Income (PI): • The income that households and non-corporate businesses receive. • Disposable Income (DI): • Personal income less personal taxes.

  9. The Components of GDP • GDP (Y) is the sum of: • Consumption (C) • Investment (I) • Government Purchases (G) • Net Exports (NX) Y = C + I + G + NX

  10. Four Components of GDP • Consumption (C): • Is the spending by households on goods and services • e.g. buying clothing, food, movie tickets • Investment (I): • Is the purchases of capital equipment and structures • e.g. factory, houses, etc.

  11. The Four Components of GDP • Government Purchases (G): • Includes spending on goods and services by local, state and federal governments (e.g. roads, police, etc.). • Does not include transfer payments, because it is not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services. • Net Exports (NX): • Exports minus imports.

  12. Table 22-1 GDP (1998)

  13. GDP Components of Measurement

  14. GDP Components of Measurement Consumption 68 %

  15. GDP Components of Measurement Investment 16% Consumption 68 %

  16. GDP Components of Measurement Investment 16% Consumption 68 % Government Spending 18%

  17. GDP Components of Measurement Government Spending 18% Investment 16% Net Exports -2 % Consumption 68 %

  18. Real versus Nominal GDP • GDP is the market value of the economy’s current production, referred to as Nominal GDP. • Real GDPmeasures any given year’s total output in “constant” prices. • An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP, using the GDP Price Deflator.

  19. GDP Price Deflator • The GDP Price Deflatoris a price index that uses a bundle of all final goods and services. • It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices. • Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP: Real GDP19xx = (Nominal GDP19xx ) ÷ (GDP deflator19xx)X100

  20. Table 22-2 • Calculating Nominal GDP, Real GDP and the GDP Deflator (see p. 501)

  21. U.S. Real and Nominal GDP ($b)

  22. Current Trends in GDP • Link to Bureau of Economic Analysis website (http://www.bea.doc.gov/briefrm/gdp.htm) • Most Recent U.S. GDP (nom) $10,369B or $10.369T (2002Q2)

  23. GDP and Economic Well-Being • GDP Per Persontells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy. • It is a good measure of the material well-being of the economy as a whole. • More Real GDP means we have a higher material standard of living by being able to consume more goods and services. • It is NOT intended to be a measure of happiness or quality of life.

  24. GDP and Economic Well-Being • Some factors and issues not in GDP that lead to the “well-being” of the economy: • Factors that contribute to a good life such as leisure. • Factors that lead to a quality environment. • The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of the markets, e.g. volunteer work and child-rearing.

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