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High Altitude Subsistence Slope Temperature Aspect Water Wind Soil Clouds

High Altitude Subsistence Slope Temperature Aspect Water Wind Soil Clouds. Primary Types of Subsistence/Land Use Natural Adaptation : Make use of indigenous species Modification : Adapt environment to a species or species to environment Agriculture Animal Husbandry Agro-pastoral

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High Altitude Subsistence Slope Temperature Aspect Water Wind Soil Clouds

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  1. High Altitude Subsistence Slope Temperature Aspect Water Wind Soil Clouds

  2. Primary Types of Subsistence/Land Use Natural Adaptation: Make use of indigenous species Modification: Adapt environment to a species or species to environment Agriculture Animal Husbandry Agro-pastoral Transhumance Nomads Multiple Combinations

  3. Agriculture in Mountains MUST Exhibit: • Stability and Resilience to Environmental Fluctuations • Sustainability or Optimum level of Renewable Resource Use and Recycling • Equitability and Vested Self Interest- Resource Maintenance of activities that modify the environment • Also Crop Selection Considers: • What people want to consume and sell • What is produces in adjacent fields • Ecological Limitations • Issues of Carrying Capacity of land…..Population Control

  4. Production Zones (Culturally Created) A communally managed set of specific productive resources in which crops are grown in distinctive ways. Include Infra-structural features, a specific rationing system of resources (irrigation) and rule making mechanisms that regulate how productive resources are used. Land Tenure Rights and Obligations held by different groups or actors over diverse privileges concerning land…Dictates who has the rights to use land, not the right to own land Households and Communities, Land Creates Communities

  5. Agriculture in High Altitude Hardy Crops- Barley, Wheat, Quinoa Maize production….Alfalfa…. Yields versus Maturation Time Shorter Growing Season and Longer Maturation Period Crop Rotation and Fallow periods- Soil Fertility and Maintenance Altitude and Crop Placement- Verticality Aspect/Cloud Cover and Crop Placement Double Cropping and Timing Diurnal Temperatures Risk of Frost

  6. Terracing and Irrigation • Catching water, Re-diverting water, Storing water in soil, disperse surplus water • Dealing with Slope: Orography • Dealing with water scarcity and surplus • Furrowing • Erosion • Andes Example: • Canal Building and distribution of Plots • Faenas- obligatory work parties

  7. Sectorial Fallow System (3400-4000m) • In Andes: • Crops of tubers and hardy grains • No irrigation • Use of Foot Plow- Communal • Communal Control

  8. Reciprocity and Exchange in the Andes In the Andes this is crucial to having agricultural system work Verticality of crop growth and Anexio Villages…Exchanging crops and goods that grow at different altitudes. “Vertical Archipelago” (Murra) Symmetrical and Asymmetrical modes of Reciprocity Waje-Waje- Exact Exchange (account kept, Ayuda-no account) Minka- Return with goods, more formal, no ties Voluntad- Kinship

  9. Cuy-Guinea Pig High Protein, Low Fat Have high fecundity- 1 male and 7 females can produce 360 cuy a year- 77 lbs of meat! Kept in kitchen-believe that they need smoke Eat scraps and alfalfa

  10. Pastoralism/Animal Husbandry • Pack animals, travel, meat, milk, wool, hides • Cattle/Horse-low, Sheep/Goat-Mid, Llama/Alpaca/Yak-High • Reproduction and Physical • Helps to alleviate agricultural deficits • Seasonal movement of the animals-Transhumance • Storage of Fodder versus Grazing year round • Animals adapted to eating high altitude grasses • Shared Pastures • DUNG- Fertilizer and Fuel

  11. Transhumance How does it differ from nomadism, semi-nomadism and seasonal alpine pasture use….? Ascending Transhumance Descending Transhumance Intermediate Stationed Transhumance Dual Stationed Transhumance

  12. DUNG! Animals important for food, travel, etc., but are ESSENTIAL for agriculture and fertilization Camelid/Yak Dung for Fuel-no trees Sheep Dung for Fertilizer

  13. Pastoral Nomads in the Himalayas- “drokpa” • An Example from Limi, Nepal • Move the herds year-round, no storage of fodder • Movements are based on LATITUDE and NOT ALTITUDE • Move herds north into Tibet….low snowfall, high wind velocity • Use black haired yak tents “ba” • Nuclear Family units with a hired hand • Rich diet in dairy and protein • Trade- Surplus

  14. Almwirtshaft-Alps Mixed Mountain Agriculture Rhoades and Thompson (1975): “The key to the success of agro-pastoral transhumance in the alpine valleys is the constant motion, the vertical oscillation of cultivators, herders and beasts following the vicissitudes of climate in an effort to exploit micro-niches at several altitudinal levels” Is this a valid statement? Do all mountain cultures practice their land-use in this way…What about the case of Limi?

  15. Dr. Pitambar Sharma, Geographical Development Expert: "Mountain culture is different from other cultures. If you go to  mountain regions of other parts of the world, say to Bolivia or Ecuador in South America, and come back to the mountains of Nepal, you sense some commonalities. People's capacity to adapt to mountain environment - coping mechanism - is more or less similar no matter which mountain regions of the world they come from."

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