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I. Observational evidences

Finsler Geometry vs. phenomenological anomaly in ultra-high energy and large scale CHANG Zhe Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 6/27/2008 at USTC. I. Observational evidences. 1. Galactic rotation curves 2. Velocity dispersions of galaxies

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I. Observational evidences

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  1. Finsler Geometry vs. phenomenological anomaly in ultra-high energy and large scaleCHANG ZheInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences6/27/2008 at USTC

  2. I. Observational evidences 1. Galactic rotation curves 2. Velocity dispersions of galaxies 3. Missing matter in clusters of galaxies 4. Large scale structure formation 5. GZK cutoff in ultra-high energy cosmic ray 6. Neutrino mass

  3. 1. Galactic rotation curves In the late 1960s and early 1970s V. Rubin from Carnegie Institution of Washington presented that most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at roughly the same speed.

  4. Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (A) and observed (B).

  5. 2. Velocity dispersions of galaxies Rubin's pioneering work has stood the test of time. Measurements of velocity curves in spiral galaxies were soon followed up with velocity dispersions of elliptical galaxies. While sometimes appearing with lower mass-to-light ratios, measurements of ellipticals still indicate a relatively high dark matter content.

  6. 3. Missing matter in clusters of galaxies X-ray measurements of hot intracluster gas correspond closely to Zwicky's observations of mass-to-light ratios for large clusters of nearly 10 to 1. Many of the experiments of the Chandra X-ray Observatory use this technique to independently determine the mass of clusters.

  7. Strong gravitational lensing as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in Abell 1689 indicates the presence of dark matter - Enlarge the image to see the lensing arcs.

  8. 4. Large scale structure formation Observations suggest that structure formation in the universe proceeds hierarchically, with the smallest structures collapsing first and followed by galaxies and then clusters of galaxies. As the structures collapse in the evolving universe, they begin to "light up" as the baryonic matter heats up through gravitational contraction and the object approaches hydrostatic pressure balance.

  9. 5. GZK cutoff in ultra-high energy cosmic ray

  10. HiRes observes the ankle; Has evidence for GZK suppression; Can not claim the second knee.

  11. DIP and DISCREPANCY between AGASA and HiRes DATA(energy calibration by dip)

  12. 6. Neutrino mass In 1998, the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector determined that neutrinos do indeed flavor oscillate, and therefore have mass. The best estimate of the difference in the squares of the masses of mass eigenstates 1 and 2 was published by KamLAND in 2005: Δm212 = 0.000079 eV2 In 2006, the MINOS experiment measured oscillations from an intense muon neutrino beam, determining the difference in the squares of the masses between neutrino mass eigenstates 2 and 3. The initial results indicate Δm232 = 0.003 eV2, consistent with previous results from Super-K.

  13. II.Finsler geometry In 1854 Riemann saw the difference between the quadratic differential form--Riemannian geometry and the general case. The study of the metric which is the Fourth root of a quartic differential form is quite time--consuming and does not throw new light to the problem." Happily, interest in the generalcase was revived in 1918 by Paul Finsler's thesis, written under the direction of Caratheodory.

  14. 1926, L. Berwald: Berwald connection Torsion free: yes g-compatibility: no 1934, E. Cartan: Cartan connection Torsion free: no g-compatibility: yes 1948, S. S. Chern: Chern connection Torsion free: yes g-compatibility: no Chern connection differs from that of Berwald's by an À term

  15. Finsler structure of M . • with the following properties: • Regularity: F is C on the entire slit tangent bundle TM\ 0 • (ii) Positive homogeneity : F(x,  y)=  F(x,y), for all  >0 • (iii) Strong convexity: the Hessian matrix • ispositive-definite at every point of TM\0

  16. The symmetric Cartan tensor Cartan tensor Aijk=0 if and only if gij has no y-dependence A measurement of deviation from Riemannian Manifold

  17. Euler's theorem on homogenous function gives Where li=yi/F

  18. 1. Chern connection transform like The nonlinear connection Nijon TM\0 where ijk is the formal Christoffel symbols of the second kind

  19. Chern Theorem guarantees the uniqueness of Chern connection. S. S. Chern, Sci. Rep. Nat. Tsing Hua Univ. Ser. A 5, 95 (1948); or Selected Papers, vol. II, 194, Springer 1989. Torsion freeness Almost g-compatibility

  20. Torsion freeness is equivalent to the absence of dyiterms in ij together with the symmetry Almost g-compatibility implies that where

  21. 2.Curvature The curvature 2-forms of Chern connection are The expressionof ijin terms of the natural basis is of the form where R, P and Q are the hh-, hv-, vv-curvature tensors of the Chern connection, respectively.

  22. III.Local symmetry and violation of Lorentz invariance G.Y.Bogoslovsky, Some physical displays of the space anisotropy relevant to the feasibility of its being detected at a laboratory ,gr-qc/0706.2621. G.W.Gibbons, J. Gomis and C.N.Pope, General Very Special Relativity is Finsler Geometry, hep-th/0707.2174 . Finslerian line element DISIMb(2) symmetry

  23. DISIMb(2) invariant Larangian for a point particle Dispersion relation Quantization and Klein-Gordon equation

  24. Very special relativity and Neutrino mass S.R. Coleman and S.L. Glashow, Phys. Lett. B405, 249 (1997). S.R. Coleman and S.L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. D59, 116008 (1999). A perturbative framework of QFT with Violation of the LI A.G. Cohen and S.L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 021601 (2006). Exact symmetry group of nature DISIM(2)

  25. Very Special Relativity with SIM(2) symmetry CPT symmetry is preserved Radical consequences for neutrino mass mechanism Lepton-number conserving neutrino masses are VSR invariant Observation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and analysis of neutrino data Violation of LI <10-25 G. Battistoni et al., Phys. Lett. B615, 14 (2005).

  26. Randers sapce: a very interesting class of Finsler manifolds. G. Randers, Phys. Rev. 59, 195 (1941). Z.Chang and X.Li, Phys. Lett. B663,103(2008) The Randers metric The action of a free moving particle Canonical momentum pi Euler'stheorem for homogeneous functions guarantees the mass-shell condition

  27. Einstein's postulate of relativity: the law of nature and results of all experiments performed in a given frame of reference are independent of the translation motion of the system as a whole. This means that the Finsler structure F should be invariant undera global transformation of coordinates on the Randers spacetime

  28. Any coordinate transformations should in general take the form If we require that the matrix is the same with the usual one

  29. F=0 presents invariant speed of light and arrow of cosmological time

  30. UHECR threshold anomaly Z.Chang and X. Li, Cosmic ray threshold anomay in Randers space (2008). Head-on collision between a soft photon of energy and a high energy particle From the energy and momentum conservation laws, we have

  31. IV.Gravity and large scale structure The tangent spaces (TxM, Fx) of an arbitrary Finsler manifolds typically not isometric to each other. Given a Berwald space, all its tangent spaces are linearly isometric to a common Minkowski space A Finsler structure F is said to be of Berwald type if the Chern connection coefficients ijk in natural coordinates have no y dependence. A direct proposition on Berwald space is that hv--part of the Chern curvature vanishes identically

  32. Gravitational field equation on Berwald space X. Li and Z. Chang, Toward a Gravitation Theory in Berwald--Finsler Space ,gr-qc/0711.1934.

  33. To get a modified Newton's gravity, we consider a particle moving slowly in a week stationary gravitational field. Suppose that the metric is close to the locally Minkowskian metric Z. Chang and X. Li, Modified Newton’s gravity in Finsler space as a possible alternative to dark matter hypothesis, astro-ph/ 0806.2184 A modified Newton's gravity is obtained as the weak field approximation of the Einstein's equation

  34. Limit the metric to be the form a0is the deformation parameter of Finsler geometry The deformation of Finsler space should have cosmological significance. One wishes naturally the deformation parameter relates with the cosmological constant ,

  35. The geometrical factor of the density of baryons In the zero limit of the deformation parameter, familiar results on Riemann geometry are recovered The acceleration a of a particle in spiral galaxiesis

  36. M. Milgrom, The MOND paradigm, astro-ph/0801.3133. M. Milgrom, Astrophys. J. 270, 365 (1983). G. Gentile, MOND and the universal rotation curve: similar phenomenologies, astro-ph/0805.1731 The MOND Universal Rotation Curves

  37. V. Conlusions 1.Special relativity in Finsler space A: Equivalence to the very special relativity, and can be used to explain the origin of Neutrino mass B:The threshold of the ultra-high energy cosmic ray in Finsler space is consistent with observation 2.General relativity in Finsler space In good agreement with the MOND, and can be used to describe the rotation curves of spiral galaxies without invoking dark matter

  38. Thanks for your attention!

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