INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

1. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index BENCANA LINGKUNGAN BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

2. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER An environmental disaster is a disaster to the natural environment due to human activity, which distinguishes it from the concept of a natural disaster. Environmental disasters can have an effect on agriculture, biodiversity, the economy and human health. The causes include pollution, depletion of natural resources, industrial activity or agriculture. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_disaster ……………… 28/11/2012

3. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS BY CATEGORY Agricultural: Environmental impact of agriculture Salinity in Australia Salinization of the Fertile Crescent The Dust Bowl in Canada and the United States (1934–1939) The Great sparrow campaign; sparrows were eliminated from Chinese farms, which caused locusts to swarm the farms and contributed to a famine which killed 38 million people. Africanized bees, known colloquially as "killer bees" Mismanagement of the Aral Sea "Dirty dairying" in New Zealand. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters ……………… 28/11/2012

4. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS BY CATEGORY Biodiversity Chestnut blight Extinction of American megafauna Extinction of Australian megafauna Deforestation of Easter Island Destruction of the old growth forests Rabbits in Australia Red imported fire ants Dutch Elm Disease Devil facial tumour disease Reduction in the number of the American Bison Introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria in Africa, decimating indigenous fish species Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Invasive species in New Zealand The loss of Biodiversity of New Zealand Ghost nets Grounding of SS Makambo on Lord Howe Island Shark finning Decline of vultures in India due to Diclofenac leading to increased incidence of rabies Extinction of the Tasmanian Tiger Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters ……………… 28/11/2012

5. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS BY CATEGORY Industrial Minamata disease- mercury poisoning in Japan (1950s & 1960s) Ontario Minamata disease in Canada Itai-itai disease, due to cadmium poisoning in Japan Love Canal toxic waste site Seveso disaster (1976), chemical plant explosion, caused highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations Bhopal disaster (December 3, 1984, India), The leak of methyl isocyanate that took place in 1984 resulted in more than 22,000 deaths (and counting) and the various genetic diseases that will continue to be seen for generations to come among the newly born, caused by the negligence and corruption, ignoring safety standards in India by Warren Anderson, CEO of Union Carbide, a US company now a subsidiary of Dow Chemicals. Sandoz chemical spill into the Rhine river (1986) United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites in the United States AZF Explosion at a Toulouse chemical factory (2001) The Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens sites in the city of Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, known as the largest toxic waste site in North America. Release of lead dust into Esperance Harbour. Release of cyanide, heavy metals and acid into the Alamosa River, Colorado from the Summitville mine, causing the death of all marine life within a 17 mile radius. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters ……………… 28/11/2012

6. ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS BY CATEGORY Nuclear Chernobyl disaster in 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine, "killed at least 4056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property". Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: Following an earthquake, tsunami, and failure of cooling systems at Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and issues concerning other nuclear facilities in Japan on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. Mayak nuclear waste storage tank explosion, (Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union, 29 September 1957), 200+ people died and 270,000 people were exposed to dangerous radiation levels. Over thirty small communities had been removed from Soviet maps between 1958 and 1991. Windscale fire, United Kingdom, October 8, 1957. Fire ignites plutonium piles and contaminates surrounding dairy farms. Soviet submarine K-431 accident, August 10, 1985 (10 people died and 49 suffered radiation injuries). Soviet submarine K-19 accident, July 4, 1961. (8 deaths and more than 30 people were over-exposed to radiation). Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters ……………… 28/11/2012

7. NATURAL DISASTER A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of, or effecting, the Earth; examples include floods, severe weather, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability to recover. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, however, such as San Francisco, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, requiring years to repair. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster ……………… 28/11/2012

8. NATURAL DISASTER 1. Avalanches 2 .Earthquakes 3 .Volcanic eruptions 4. Hydrological disasters : 4.1 Floods 4.2 Limnic eruptions 4.3 Tsunami 5 Meteorological disasters: 5.1 Blizzards 5.2 Cyclonic storms 5.3 Droughts 5.4 Hailstorms 5.5 Heat waves 5.6 Tornadoes 6. Wildfires 7. Health disasters: 7.1 Epidemics 8. Space disasters 8.1 Impact events 8.2 Solar flares 8.3 Gamma ray burst Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster ……………… 28/11/2012

9. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index KERJASAMA GLOBAL BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

10. Global Stewardship Contribution to International Cooperation Impact on Global Commons Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

11. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Contemporary Challenges in Sustainable Development Maintaining World Economic Growth, and Reducing World Poverty and Inequality World Population Growth and Food Production Conserving Biodiversity, Natural Habitats, and Natural Resources Meeting the Demand for Renewable Energy Political Instability and Violence, and Social Disruption and Dislocation Finance for Sustainable Development Diunduhdari: www.eolss.net/Sample.../E1-50-01-00.pdf ……………… 6/12/2012

12. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3. The Normative Dimension: The Evolution of Norms, Rules and Principles on Sustainable Development 3.1. Customary International Law and the Environment Prior to 1972 3.2. The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972) 3.3. The United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (1992) 3.4. The Earth Summit II (1997) 3.5. The World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) 4. The Cognitive Dimension: The Political-Economy of Sustainable Development 4.1. Genesis of the Concept of Sustainable Development 4.2. The Goals of Development 4.3. Market Instruments and Sustainable Development 4.4. Criticisms of Market Instruments Diunduhdari: www.eolss.net/Sample.../E1-50-01-00.pdf  ……………… 6/12/2012

13. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The Regulative Dimension: Multilateral Institutions and Sustainable Development Cooperation Multilateral Treaty-Making and the Environment The Institutional Framework for International Cooperation in Sustainable Development. Diunduhdari: www.eolss.net/Sample.../E1-50-01-00.pdf  ……………… 6/12/2012

14. GLOBAL COMMONS The term Global Commons refers to the earth's unowned natural resources, such as the oceans, Earth's atmosphere, and outer space. The definition does not specifically state define whether the absence of ownership is traditional or deliberate. Resources such as the Northern and Southern polar regions may be subject to disputes by some states. These resources are central to life. According to the World Conservation Strategy: "A commons is a tract of land or water owned or used jointly by the members of a community. The global commons includes those parts of the Earth's surface beyond national jurisdictions - notably the open ocean and the living resources found there - or held in common - notably the atmosphere. The only landmass that may be regarded as part of the global commons is Antarctica ...“. One issue that specifically affects the global commons is global warming /climate change. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_commons ……………… 6/12/2012

15. TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS In economics, the tragedy of the commons is the depletion of a shared resource by individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-interest, despite their understanding that depleting the common resource is contrary to their long-term best interests. In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin explored this social dilemma in "The Tragedy of the Commons", published in the journal Science. The tragedy of the commons can be considered in relation to environmental issues such as sustainability. The commons dilemma stands as a model for a great variety of resource problems in society today, such as water, land, fish, and non-renewable energy sources such as oil and coal. Situations exemplifying the "tragedy of the commons" include the overfishing and destruction of the Grand Banks, the destruction of salmon runs on rivers that have been dammed. Other situations exemplifying the "tragedy of the commons" include pollution caused by driving cars. There are many negative externalities of driving; these include congestion, carbon emissions, and traffic accidents. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons ……………… 6/12/2012

16. GENERAL EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES • Publicly shared resources • Radio frequencies – Unlicensed frequencies used for wireless communications, especially 802.11 a/b/g in the U.S., detailed under Part 15 (FCC rules) would be vulnerable to the overuse of high power transmitters, especially overdriven transmitters with dirty signal profiles, and especially when combined with omnidirectional antennas, had the FCC not mandated maximum transmission power for each class of device and limitations on their spectral profile. • Spam email degrades the usefulness of the email system and increases the cost for all users of the Internet while providing a benefit to only a tiny number of individuals. • Vandalism and littering in public spaces such as parks, recreation areas, and public restrooms. • Additionally, careless urination, defecation, and similar careless usage of public restrooms. • Knowledge commons encompass immaterial and collectively owned goods in the information age. • Freeways experience heavy traffic due to overuse. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons ……………… 6/12/2012

17. GENERAL EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL TRAGEDIES • Planet Earth ecology: • Uncontrolled human population growth leading to overpopulation • Air, whether ambient air polluted by industrial emissions and cars among other sources of air pollution, or indoor air. • Water – Water pollution, Water crisis of over-extraction of groundwater and wasting water due to overirrigation • Forests – Frontier logging of old growth forest and slash and burn • Energy resources and climate – Burning of fossil fuels and consequential global warming • Animals – Habitat destruction and poaching leading to the Holocene mass extinction • Oceans – Overfishing. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons ……………… 6/12/2012