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Do Now

Do Now. Critical Thinking You will not find the answer to the question in your notes. Rely on your understanding of science.

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Do Now

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  1. Do Now Critical Thinking You will not find the answer to the question in your notes. Rely on your understanding of science. It has been said that many great discoveries lie in wait for the tools needed to make them. What does this statement mean to you? If possible , include an example in your answer.

  2. Atoms • Atom - the basic unit of matter • The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, & electrons

  3. Atoms • Nucleus - the center of the atom • Electron - a negatively charged particle

  4. Atoms are the ________________: basic unit of MATTER PROTONS (+) ______________ ______________ are found ______________ ______________ ___________________ in ____________________ NEUTRONS in NUCLEUS ELECTRONS (-) orbit outside nucleus energy levels Animation from: http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

  5. Elements & Isotopes • Element - a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom • Isotopes - atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons • Because they have the same # of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties

  6. Isotopes of Carbon

  7. Chemical Compounds • Compound - a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements • Ex.) NaCl

  8. Chemical Bonds • The 2 main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds & covalent bonds • Ionic bond - formed when 1 or more electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another • Ions - positively & negatively charged atoms

  9. Sodium Chloride - An Ionic Bond

  10. Chemical Bonds • Covalent bond - forms when electrons are shared between atoms • Molecule - the smallest unit of most compounds

  11. Do Now use lined paper TEST FRIDAY Finish work ( 20min) • Get your textbook and open to page 31 • Complete questions 1 through 10 • Understanding Concepts (same page) Answer questions; 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 • Class will go over answers • Review handout on chapter 1

  12. First 20 minutes of class study your notes to prepare for test Test Rules • Stay in your seat until the end of the block • No talking during test until the end of the block • No electronic devices • When you completed your test, raise your hand, I will instruct you to come up to my desk with test and your NUA notebook (notebook check)

  13. Chemical Bonds • Van der Waals Forces - the slight attraction between oppositely charged, nearby molecules

  14. Start Section 2-2 Properties of Water

  15. The Water Molecule • A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen & hydrogen atoms

  16. The Water Molecule • Cohesion - an attraction between molecules of the same substance • Ex.) Water cohesion causes molecules on the surface to be drawn inward

  17. Cohesion LabScientific Method (write in your NUA notebook) Question: What will happen if you put a drop of water on a microscope slide and a penny? Hypothesis: Tell me what will happen and why. Test: Take the eye dropper and add one drop to the microscope slide and penny. Results: Did you support your hypothesis

  18. The Water Molecule • Adhesion - an attraction between molecules of different substances • Ex.) Glass molecules are stronger than cohesion between water molecules

  19. Adhesion LabScientific Method (write in your NUA notebook) Question: What will happen if you filled a graduated cylinder half way with water and viewed the water at eye level, Would the surface of the water dip slightly or stay straight? Hypothesis: Tell me what will happen and why. Test: Fill the graduated cylinder half way. Results: Did you support your hypothesis

  20. Solutions & Suspensions • Mixture - a material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together, but not chemically combined

  21. Mixture LabScientific Method (write in your NUA notebook) Question: What will happen if you mixed salt and pepper with water? Hypothesis: Tell me what will happen and why. Test: Add salt and pepper to the beaker of water. Results: Did you support your hypothesis

  22. Solutions & Suspensions • Solution - all components evenly distributed • Solute - the substance that is dissolved • Solvent - the substance in which the solute dissolves • Ex.) In a saltwater solution, salt is the solute & water is the solvent

  23. Do Now Draw the electron Configuration of fluorine (F). Use yesterdays lesson as an example on how to add the electrons into each orbit.

  24. In Class Work (NUA Notebook ) Reading Guide: Textbook The Chemistry of Life: Chapter 2 • 2-1 The Nature of Matter: page #’s 35 to 39 • 2-2 Properties of Water: page #’s 40 to 43 • Follow Instructions on next slide

  25. Read pages 35 through 43 in textbook • As you read, list each blue and green heading and a short sentence below about that paragraph. • Take note of the pictures and illustrations. What are figures 2-2 page 36, 2-3 page 38 and 2-6 page 40 discussing? • Complete section assessment page 39 questions 1,2,3,4 and 5 • Complete section assessment page 43 questions 1,2,3 and 4 You have 20 minutes to complete and then we will discuss answers to the questions

  26. List 5 liquids you have at home(any liquids around the home) • Specify whether there acidic or basic • Specify whether they have a high or low concentration of H+ ions If your not sure, guess, that alright, we will discuss the liquids as a class.

  27. Acids, Bases, and pH • pH scale - measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution, ranges from 0-14

  28. Acids, Bases, and pH • Acid - any compound that forms H+ ions in solution • Acidic solutions have higher concentration of H+ ions than pure water & have pH values below 7 • The greater the concentration of H+ ions, the lower the pH number

  29. Acids, Bases, and pH • Base - a compound that produces hydroxide ions OH- in solution • Basic, or alkaline, solutions have lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water & have pH values above 7 • The lower the concentration of H+ ions, the higher the pH value (up to 14)

  30. Acids, Bases, and pH • Buffers - weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

  31. Do Now Chemist devised a measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution from 0 to 14, what is it called? If a solution contains a high concentration of H+ ions its considered what? If a solution contains a lower concentration of H+ ions its considered what?

  32. Do Now Define solution, solute and solvent using your textbook as a reference. What is the difference between a solution and a suspension?

  33. pH scale

  34. The Chemistry of Carbon • Organic compounds - compounds created by organisms • 4 groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins

  35. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates - compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms • Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy • Ex.) Starches & sugars

  36. Lipids • Lipids - made mostly from carbon & hydrogen atoms • They can be used to store energy • Ex.) fats, oils, waxes

  37. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids - molecules that store & transmit genetic information, made up of nucleotides • Nucleotide - has 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, & a nitrogenous base

  38. Nucleic Acids • There are 2 kinds of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA contains the sugar ribose, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose

  39. Proteins • Proteins - molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen • Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids

  40. Proteins • Amino acids - compounds with an amino group on one end & a carboxyl group on the other end, there are more than 20 in nature

  41. Proteins - Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in & out of cells, & fight diseases

  42. In Class Work The balance of class you will work on The Chemistry of Life worksheet. Complete as much as you can. Use lined paper (Do not write on worksheet) *********************************************** No talking during work, if I give you more then one warning, points will be subtracted from your next test.

  43. Chemical Reactions • Chemical reaction - process that changes, or transforms, 1 set of chemicals into another • Reactants - the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction • Products - elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction • Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds

  44. Energy in Reactions • Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken, & absorbed when chemical bonds are formed

  45. Energy Changes • Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously • Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

  46. Energy Changes • Organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy in order to stay alive • Humans release the energy needed to grow, breathe, think, & even dream through chemical reactions • Chemical reactions occur when humans metabolize, or break down (digest) food

  47. Activation Energy • Activation energy - the energy needed to get a reaction started

  48. Enzymes • Catalyst - a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction • Enzymes - proteins that act as biological catalysts • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

  49. Enzymes • Enzymes are specific, they catalyze only 1 chemical reaction • Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react • Substrates - the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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