The Hollow Men

1. The Hollow Men Eliza Hale This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper

2. His earlier work is more negative, as he was searching for a “higher world”. • Many religious references and allusions points to his interest in the subject. The Hollow Men1925Early Work - Bleak

3. “Our dried voices, when We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless…” “Remember us -- if at all -- not as lost Violent souls, but only As the hollow men…” “Between the desire And the spasm Falls the Shadow…” Main Idea of The Hollow Men The speaker is a hollow man. He has a bleak opinion of mankind, and thinks this shadow has fallen down to block mankind from living meaningful lives.

4. (-1) Mistah Kurtz – he dead. (0) A penny for the Old Guy • -1 – Heart of darkness. Man who died in the Jungle of Africa. • 0 – Guy dies trying to overthrow the British government. Now they have a holiday where they burn stuffed scarecrows representing Guy. *Well-known stories and figures have connotations which add meaning to the poem. Allusions – Heroes vs. Hollow Men

5. (55) In this hollow valley (56) This broken jaw of our lost kingdoms. • Samson was a hero who killed 2,000 Philistines with the jaw bone of an ass. • Another who died doing something brave. • Here the jaw is “broken”, therefore not like strong Samson. Allusions – Heroes vs. Hollow Men

6. First lines: • We are the hollow men • We are the stuffed men • Contrast between heroes and hollow men. • Does the speaker admire these martyrs? Allusions – Heroes vs. Hollow Men

7. (13) Those who have crossed (14) With direct eyes, to death’s other Kingdom (15) Remember… • Kingdom capitalized implies specific place… • In Dante’s Paradiso those with “direct eyes” go to heaven. • Dante had more than one heaven, more than one hell, purgatory. Those who have lived might not even remember us… Plea for people to do anything. Allusion – Dante’s Kingdoms

8. (20) In death’s dream kingdom (30) (38) In the twilight kingdom (65) (46) In death’s other kingdom (56) … our lost kingdoms • Attitude towards the kingdoms? • Are these places for the spirit or for the body? Allusion – Dante’s Kingdoms

9. (57) In this last of meeting places (58) We grope together (59) And avoid speech (60) Gathered on this beach of the tumid river • Tumid = river to cross into hell in Dante’s inferno. • Why? The hollow men are going to hell. Allusion – Dante’s Kingdoms

10. (63) As the perpetual star (64) Multifoliaterose (65) Of Death’s twilight kingdom (66) The hope only (67) Of empty men. • Star = Jesus Rose = Mary • “Eyes” from the “twilight kingdom” • Hope only of empty men. They want to be saved, but don’t do it themselves. • The speaker does not have faith that religion can help Allusions - Biblical

11. (68) Here we go round the prickly pear (69) Prickly pear prickly pear (70) Here we go round the prickly pear (71) At five o’clock in the morning. • Mulberry bush vs. prickly pear • What happens at 5 o’clock in the morning? • Creepy to turn children’s rhyme into song of hollow men. Allusions – Children’s Rhyme

12. (52) The eyes are not here (53) There are no eyes here (54) In this valley of dying stars (55) In this hollow valley (56) This broken jaw of our lost kingdoms • Eyes replace judgment, because these eyes can see past the outside to the hollow interior Synecdoche

13. (1)We are the hollow men (2) We are the stuffed men (3) Leaning together (4) Headpiece filled with straw. Alas! (5) Our dried voices, when (6) We whisper together (7) Are quiet and meaningless (8) As wind in dry grass (9) Or rats’ feet over broken glass (10) In our dry cellar (37) This is the dead land (38) This is cactus land …. (68) Here we go round the prickly pear Diction - Dry • DRY DICTION EFFECT • Unpleasant • Without meat, or value • Dead

14. (23) Sunlight on a broken column (24) There, is a tree swinging (25) And voices are (26) In the wind’s singing • Life, energy. In the “dream kingdom”. Diction – Contrast to Dry

15. (1) We are the hollow men (2) We are the stuffed men (17) As the hollow men (18) The stuffed men. • Highlighting speaker’s despair. Repetition

16. (11) Shape without form, shade without colour, (12) Paralysed force, gesture without motion; • Repetition of structure (parallel) • Antithesis. Comparison. • Lost at first. Description of hollow men after. Lines 72 – 91 three stanzas: “Between the _____ (motion) And the __________ (act) Falls the Shadow” • Demonstrating how infiltrated the “shadow” is in the hollow men’s lives. • Valley of the Shadow of Death (54-55) Repetition Is the shadow between the men and their souls? Is that why they’re hollow?

17. (77) (91) For thine is the kingdom (separated in other versions) • The lord’s prayer. • Repetition in religion. Sounds like sermon. • Followed by prediction of world’s end in nursery rhyme rhythm. Repetition - Religion

18. (95) This is the way the world ends (96) This is the way the world ends (97) This is the way the world ends (98) Not with a bang but a whimper. How did Mistah Kurtz, Guy, and Samson end? Repetition - Bleak End

19. Between the desire And the spasm Between the potency And the existence Between the essence And the descent Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom For Thine is Life is For Thineis the This is the way the world ends

20. The speaker describes a life without substance using: • Dry diction • Allusions to purgatory, inferno and paradise • Allusions to the Valley of death • 2 separate deaths: physical and spiritual. • The repetition of antithesis Sum of the Parts