UNAIDS – Children and HIV in Jamaica and the Caribbean region Caribbean Child Development Centre

1. UNAIDS – Children and HIV in Jamaica and the Caribbean region Caribbean Child Development Centre Workshop on Children and HIV/AIDS Tuesday, 14 February 2006 JOHANNES WAGNER Programme Officer UNAIDS Office Jamaica

2. Global Epidemiology Facts and Figures (including children)

3. Global summary of the HIV and AIDS epidemic, December 2005 Number of people living with HIV in 2005 Total 40.3 million (36.7 – 45.3 million) Adults 38.0 million (34.5 – 42.6 million) Women 17.5 million (16.2 – 19.3 million) Children under 15 years 2.3 million (2.1 – 2.8 million) People newly infected with HIV in 2005 Total 4.9 million (4.3 – 6.6 million) Adults 4.2 million (3.6 – 5.8 million) Children under 15 years 700 000 (630 000 – 820 000) AIDS deaths in 2005 Total 3.1 million (2.8 – 3.6 million) Adults 2.6 million (2.3 – 2.9 million) Children under 15 years 570 000 (510 000 – 670 000) The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

4. Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 1.6 million [990 000 – 2.3 million] Western & Central Europe 720 000 [570 000 – 890 000] North America 1.2 million [650 000 – 1.8 million] East Asia 870 000 [440 000 – 1.4 million] North Africa & Middle East 510 000 [230 000 – 1.4 million] Caribbean 300 000 [200 000 – 510 000] South & South-East Asia 7.4 million [4.5 – 11.0 million] Sub-Saharan Africa 25.8 million [23.8 – 28.9 million] Latin America 1.8 million [1.4 – 2.4 million] Oceania 74 000 [45 000 – 120 000] Total: 40.3 (36.7 – 45.3) million * The proportion of adults [15 to 49 years of age] living with HIV in 2005, using 2005 population numbers The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

5. About 14 000 new HIV infections a day in 2005 • More than 95% are in low and middle income countries • Almost 2000 are in children under 15 years of age • About 12 000 are in persons aged 15 to 49 years, of whom: - almost 50% are women - about 50% are 15–24 year olds

6. Children and HIV and AIDS Facts and Figures

7. Children (<15 years) estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 7 800 [5 300 – 14 000] Western & Central Europe 5 300 [4 200 – 6 800] North America 9 000 [4 600 – 14 200] East Asia 5 000 [1 900 – 14 000] North Africa & Middle East 37 000 [12 000 – 130 000] Caribbean 17 000 [9 900 – 34 000] South & South-East Asia 130 000 [73 000 – 250 000] Sub-Saharan Africa 2.1 million [1.8 – 2.5 million] Latin America 50 000 [35 000 – 91 000] Oceania 3 300 [1 000 - 13 000] Total: 2.3 (2.1 – 2.8) million

8. Estimated deaths in children (<15 years) from AIDS during 2005 Eastern Europe & Central Asia 2 100 [1 400 – 3 600] Western & Central Europe < 100 [< 200] North America < 100 [< 200] East Asia 1 300 [470 – 3 600] North Africa & Middle East 11 000 [4 100 – 33 000] Caribbean 3 600 [1 800 – 7 900] South & South-EastAsia 31 000 [18 000 – 60 000] Sub-Saharan Africa 520 000 [460 000 – 610 000] Latin America 3 200 [2 400 – 6 600] Oceania 700 [180 – 3 100] Total: 570 000 (510 000 – 670 000)

9. Estimated number of children (<15 years)newly infected with HIV during 2005 Western & Central Europe 200 [< 400] Eastern Europe & Central Asia 3 700 [2 600 – 6 400] North America 500 [<1 000] East Asia 2 300 [840 – 6 300] North Africa & Middle East 8 900 [2 600 – 30 000] Caribbean 3 800 [2 000 – 8 000] South & South-East Asia 44 000 [25 000 – 83 000] Sub-Saharan Africa 630 000 [560 000 – 740 000] Latin America 7 700 [5 600 – 14 000] Oceania 1 100 [230 – 4 800] Total: 700 000 (630 000 – 820 000)

10. End-2005 global HIV and AIDS estimatesChildren (<15 years) • Children living with HIV 2.3 million [2.1 – 2.8 million] • New HIV infections in 2005 700 000 [630 000 – 820 000] • Deaths due to AIDS in 2005 570 000 [510 000 – 670 000]

11. Children HIV and AIDS Vulnerability to HIV Infection

12. Vulnerability to HIV Infection • Economic, social, cultural and legal factors; • Cause and effect are interrelated; • A single effect or the totality of effects increases vulnerability to HIV.

13. Vulnerability to HIV Infection HIV Infection Children become Care Giver Illness Emotional distress Deaths of parents Economic Problems Issues of Property and Inheritance Children without adequate care School drop out Child trafficking Exploitative Child Labor Poor housing Violence Poor Nutrition Sexual Exploitation Stigma and Discrimination Reduced Access to Health Services Vulnerability to HIV Infection

14. Vulnerability to HIV Child Labour in the Caribbean

15. Child Labour • Study commissioned by ILO Sub-regional Office for the Caribbean, (ILO a UNAIDS Co- Sponsor agency) in 2005. • Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago

16. Child Labour • The study reflects a broad comparative approach and completes the six companion studies on the individual countries. • Identify apparent gaps and inconsistencies in laws relating to child labour. • Provide a guide for legislative reform.

17. Child Labour • Definition: Both paid and unpaid work and activities that are mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children. It is work that deprives them of opportunities for schooling or that requires them to assume the multiple burdens of schooling and work at home and in other workplaces and work that enslaves them and separates them from their family.

18. Child Labour - Conlusions The commissioned study concluded that: • There are constitutional provisions in all countries surveyed which recognize and declare certain fundamental rights and freedoms. • In addition, some countries have further provisions in their criminal acts that outlaw worst forms of child labour. Gaps could be remedied by a process of amendments.

19. Child Labour - Conclusions • With exceptions of the Bahamas, none of the countries has the requisite legislative framework dealing with light work, defined as: Not likely to be harmful to the health or development of young persons and not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programmes approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.

20. Child Labour – Recommended Reform • Caribbean countries should ensure that a policy on child labour is placed in the context of national social and economic development policies that address the larger issues of poverty, education, family, life and youth development. • Establish a comprehensive Policy framework to guide law reform on the issue of child labour.

21. Child Labour – Recommended Reform • Within the Caribbean Region the law on minimum age for admission to employment varies widely (12-16 years). Request: Set minimum age - not less than 15 years, consistent with the compulsory age for completion of schooling and human development standard of the country.

22. Child Labour – Recommended Reform • No existing specific legislation on child trafficking in the surveyed countries Request: Introduction of comprehensive legislation on the sale and trafficking of children.

23. Child Labour Beyond legal action other actions have to be undertaken by the Governments to create a supportive environment : • Poverty • Poor parenting • Violence against children • Sexual abuse of children • Deficiencies in the educational, health and legal sectors; and • Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation systems

24. Child Rights – Legal Obligations of the States • All states in the Caribbean region have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. None has entered any reservation to reduce their obligation to protect children from all forms of violence.

25. Child Rights • Every child should enjoy every right in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . • The failure to protect one right of the child could be the basis to put the life of the child in jeopardy through their contracting HIV or through them facing the consequences of HIV infection.