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Crew Resource Management/ Personal Survival

Crew Resource Management/ Personal Survival. Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators. Instructor Introduction. NROTC Unit Notre Dame Naval Flight Officer Training VP-10 VP-31 Iceland Defense Force Naval Postgraduate School

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Crew Resource Management/ Personal Survival

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  1. Crew Resource Management/Personal Survival Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

  2. Instructor Introduction • NROTC Unit Notre Dame • Naval Flight Officer Training • VP-10 • VP-31 • Iceland Defense Force • Naval Postgraduate School • VP-26 • FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, ME • USS Enterprise (CVN-65) • NROTC Unit Notre Dame

  3. Lesson Plan Objectives • Understand goal of CRM • Know the history of CRM • Understand behaviors that contribute to effective crew resource management • Understand factors that cause general aviation accidents • Possible actions to take when faced with potential survival situation

  4. Aviation “Sea Story” EFFECTIVE CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

  5. Crew Resource Management It takes a group of individuals … … to make a CREW

  6. CRM Roadmap • Goal • History • Seven Behaviors

  7. What is the goal of CRM ? To improve mission effectiveness by minimizing crew preventable errors, maximizing crew coordination and optimizing risk management.

  8. History of CRM • Airlines initiated program to increase crew coordination. • NASA conducted research and made recommendations. • U.S. Navy integrated Aircrew Coordination Training. • Naval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures • Standardized Flight Procedures • Academics • Simulators

  9. What are the seven behaviors • D ecision Making • A ssertiveness • M ission Analysis • C ommunication • L eadership • A daptability/ Flexibility • S ituational Awareness

  10. Decision Making

  11. What is Decision Making? "Decision making is the ability to use logical and sound judgment to make decisions based on available information "

  12. Decision Making • Poor judgment / decision making • Leading cause of aviation mishaps • Primary failure to complete missions • Good decisions • Optimize risk management • Minimize errors • Poor decisions • increase errors

  13. Decision Making Process • A ssess the problem • V erify information from all sources • I dentify solutions • A nticipate consequences • T ell others decision and rationale • E valuate the decision

  14. Factors that Promote Good DM • Experience • Extra Time • Alert Crew Members • Decision Strategies • Synergy

  15. Factors that Promote Good DM "Synergy is achieved when the totaleffect of combined action or operation is greater than the sum of the individual effects" SYNERGY ISOLATION TEAM EFFORT

  16. Barriers to Good DM • Be aware that we are all prone to them • Seek information from multiple sources • Evaluate potential of numerous options • Evaluate how it would sound on CNN How to Overcome Decision Biases

  17. Assertiveness

  18. What is Assertiveness? “Assertiveness is one’s willingness/readiness to actively participate, state and maintain position until convinced by the facts that other options are really better.

  19. Comfort Level • Degree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demanding • Whenever comfort level’s exceeded: "SPEAK UP"

  20. The behavior continuum Passive Assertive Overly Aggressive

  21. The behavior continuum • Passive-Overly courteous - Avoids conflicts - Beats around bush - Along for the ride • Assertive-Actively involved • - Ready to take action • - Provides useful information • - Makes suggestions • Overly Aggressive- Dominates situation • - Intimidates • - Abusive • - Hostile

  22. Position of authority ExperienceRankLack of confidenceFear of reprisal What are some barriers to assertiveness? Assertiveness Barriers

  23. Mission Analysis

  24. What is Mission Analysis ? The ability to develop short-term, long-term, and contingency plans, as well as to coordinate, allocate, and monitor crew and aircraft resources.

  25. Phases of Mission Analysis When do we conduct Mission Analysis? Pre-Mission Inflight Post-Mission

  26. Communication

  27. What is Communication? Communication is clear and accurate sending & receiving of information, instructions, or commands, and providing useful ”feedback”

  28. What are the two modes of communication? • Verbal • ICS • Radio communication • Non Verbal • Any time gestures can be visually observed • Examples???

  29. Sender • Conveys • information • to others Process of Communication Feedback Receiver • Takes in • information • and provides • feedback Message

  30. What are some barriers to communication? Noise Negative commands (don't go left) Radio static/interference External radio communication ICS broken and unreadable Poor language skills Poor communication skills Non-standard terminology Rank or experience inequality Non-relevant communication Task fixation Task overload/ underload Distractions Personality conflicts

  31. Use active listening Use appropriate mode Use standard terminology Require feedback Techniques for overcoming barriers

  32. Leadership

  33. What is Leadership ? Leadership is the ability to direct and coordinate the activities of crew members and to encourage the crew to work together as a team.

  34. Traits of a Good Leader • Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties • Leads by example • Has knowledge how to accomplish mission • Fosters superior information flow • Gives timely feedback in effective manner • Maintains a professional atmosphere • Keeps crew constantly informed • Minimizes assumptions and confusion

  35. Traits of a Good Follower • Accomplishes task to accepted standard • Maintains the necessary knowledge level • Provides input, suggestions & feedback without prompting • Keeps leader informed • Actively participates • Helps maintain a positive & professional team atmosphere

  36. Adaptability / Flexibility

  37. What is Adaptability/Flexibility? Ability to alter course of action when new information becomes available.

  38. Situations requiring quick adaptation • Un-briefed situations • Emergency • Transition occurs • Incapacitated crewmember • Interactions become strained

  39. Maintaining adaptability/flexibility? • Anticipate problems • Recognize and acknowledge changes • Determine appropriate response • Offer alternative solutions • Provide and ask for assistance • Interact constructively with others

  40. Encouraging adaptability/flexibility? • Establish open, positive, and professional atmosphere • Ensure crew understands mission

  41. Situational Awareness

  42. What is Situational Awareness? The degree of accuracy by which one’s perception of the current environment mirrors reality “The Crystal Ball”

  43. Three steps of Situational Awareness 1. Perception 2. Comprehension 3. Projection

  44. An example using the 3 steps of SA Perception: We need to get updated weather for our destination. Comprehension: The weather for our destination is below minimums. Projection: If the weather is below minimums for our destination, then we may need to proceed to our alternate.

  45. Fatigue Stress Lack of communication Task overload Task underload Group mindset Press On Philosophy Attitude Habits Assumptions Biases Distractions Emergencies Weather Factors which reduce SA

  46. How to maintain good SA? • Provide information in advance • Identify potential problems • Verbalize a course of action • Detect and discuss deviations • Demonstrate an ongoing awareness through good communication

  47. CRM Summary • Decision Making • Assertiveness • Mission Analysis • Communication • Leadership • Adaptability / Flexibility • Situational Awareness

  48. Crew Resource Management A “Finely Tuned” Crew … … functions as “ONE”

  49. Personal Survival Roadmap • Causes of Aviation Accidents • Survival Situation Priorities • Psychology of Survival • Search and Rescue • Survival Kits

  50. Causes of Aviation Accidents • Inadequate preflight preparation / planning • Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed • Failure to maintain directional control • Improper level-off during landing flare • Failure to see and avoid obstructions • Mismanagement of fuel • Improper in-flight decisions or planning • Mis-judgement of distance and speed • Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing • Improper operation of flight controls

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