Lipids

1. Lipids CH339K

2. What are lipids? • Grab bag of molecular types • Common link is their hydrophobicity • Fats • Glycerophospholipids • Sphingolipids • Waxes • Eicosanods • Steroids • And other stuff

3. F A T T Y A C I D S

4. You can’t make fatty acids where the double bond is 6 carbons or closer to the end of the molecule

5. In living systems, the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids are usually cis-.

7. Melting Temps of Fatty Acids

9. (Glycerol tripalmitate)

10. Grandma’s Lye Soap (Saponification)

11. Fatty Acid Salts are Amphipathic

12. Waxes Very often – fatty acid + long-chain alcohol.

13. Plant leaf cuticle

14. Insect epicuticle

15. Beeswax components

16. Spermaceti • Largely cetyl palmitate • Large whale may have 3 tons • May function as lens in echolocation • May function as shock absorber in combat • Sank the whale ship Essex in 1820

17. What happens if I substitute something else for a fatty acid in a fat? Like a Phosphate?

19. This also is Amphipathic

20. Phospholipids in H2O

21. Cardiolipin(s) Glycerol Major component of inner mitochondrial membrane (up to 20%) R groups usually c18:2

22. Major component in heart muscle membranes

23. Causes platelet aggregation and vasodilation (inflammatory mediator). Important to the process of hemostasis. Important in implantation. Concentration of 10-12 M causes life threatening inflammation of the airways (asthma-like symptoms). Toxins such as fragments of destroyed bacteria induce synthesis of PAF causes drop in blood pressure reduced volume of blood pumped by the heart shock and possible death.

24. Glycolipids

25. Archaea have weird membrane lipids

26. Archaean membrane lipids Polymers of isoprene Sulfolobus solfataricus

27. Sphingolipids Sphingosine by itself

31. Defective ganglioside digestive enzymes cause disease

32. Tay-Sachs – a Defect inSphingolipid Metabolism As a child with Tay-Sachs grows older, he or she may become blind, mentally retarded, paralyzed, and unresponsive to the environment. The child also may have seizures, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. Children with Tay-Sachs disease rarely live beyond 4 or 5 years of age.

33. Tay-Sachs – a Defect inSphingolipid Metabolism Mutation in lysosomal enzyme Hexosaminidase A

34. Cholesterol

35. Steroid Hormones

38. Bile Salts Bile salts are steroid acids

39. Bile Salts solubilize fats in the digestive tract

40. Derivatives of ArachidonicAcid • Leukotrienes – conjugated double bonds • vasoconstrictors • Thromboxanes – 6-membered ring • Clot formation • Prostaglandins – 5-membered ring • Many functions • Inflammatory response • Vasodilators • Pyogenic Prostacyclin

41. Eicosanoid functions • Prostaglandins have 5- or 6-membered ring • Short-range hormones mediating (among other things) pain and inflammation, uterine contraction • Prostacyclins have a double ring structure • Inhibit clotting, vasodilators • Thromboxanes are made in platelets, contain oxygen in the ring • Vasoconstrictors, hypertensives, aggregate platelets • Leukotrienes have 3 conjugated double bonds • Asthmatic, allergic, and inflammatory responses

42. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen inhibit eicosanoid formation

43. Phospholipids in H2O

44. Lipid Bilayer

45. Cell Membrane

46. Integral and Peripheral Proteins

47. Membrane Functions

49. Membrane Composition

50. Membrane Composition