What is a computer?

1. What is a computer? • A programmable, multi use machine that accepts data- raw facts and figures- and process or manipulates, it into information we can use, such as summaries or totals. • Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity

2. Some processing devices

3. Communications Tech. • Communications or telecommunications tech. consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances

4. Digital Convergence • Technological merger of several industries through various devices that exchange info. in the electronic or digital format used by computers. • Industries- computers, communication, consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media

5. A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

6. Ancient History

7. Abacus • 3000 BCE, early form of beads on wires, used in China • From semitic abaq, meaning dust.

8. PRE-HISTORY ERA4th century B.C. to 1930s • The abacus is believed to have been invented in 4th century B.C. • The Antikythera mechanism, a device used for registering and predicting the motion of the stars and planets, is dated to 1st century B.C. • Arabic numerals were introduced in Europe in the 8th and 9th century A.D. and was used until the 17th century.

9. Table Abacus 100,000 ------------------------------------- 50,000 --------------------------------------- 10,000 -------- --- ----------------------- 5,000 --------------------------------------- 1,000 ------------------------------------- 500 ----------------------------------------- 100 ---------------------------------- 50 -------- ------------------------------- 10 ------------------------------------------ 5 ------------------------------------------ 1 ---------------------------------------

10. Chinese Swan Pan

11. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • John Napier of Scotland invents logs in 1614 to allow multiplication and division to be converted to addition and subtraction. Napier’s Bones

12. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • Slide Rule- Invented by William Oughtred, this is a single straight two-foot long ruler plotted with a logarithmic scale. Multiplication and division are done by using a pair of dividers. • Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany builds a mechanical calculator in 1623 with a 6-digit capacity. The machine worked, but it never makes it beyond the prototype stage.

13. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) Da Vinci’s Calculator • Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building the first mechanical calculator around 1500. Evidence of Da Vinci’s machine was not found until papers were discovered in 1967. • Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 with an 8-digit capacity. • Gottfried von Leibnitz improved Pascaline that could add, subtract, divide, and get square root in 1670 Pascal’s Arithmetic Machine

14. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch-cards in the early 1800s. Jacquard’s Loom

15. Charles Babbage • English inventor • 1791-1871 • taught math at Cambridge University • invented a viable mechanical computer equivalent to modern digital computers

16. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • Charles Babbage designs a “Difference Engine” in 1820 or 1821 with a massive calculator designed to print astronomical tables. The British government cancelled the project in 1842; Babbage then conceives the “Analytical Engine”, a mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem and uses punch-cards. Charles Babbage

17. Importance of the Difference Engine • 1. First attempt to devise a computing machine that was automatic in actionand well adapted, by its printing mechanism, to a mathematical task of considerable importance. • 2. An example of government subsidizationof innovation and technology development • 3. Spin offs to the machine-tool “industry”

18. difference engine Babbage’s first computer • built in early 1800’s • special purpose calculator • naval navigation charts

19. Science Museum Recreation 1991 of the difference engine

20. analytical engine, 1834 Babbage’s second computer • Analytical engine • general-purpose • used binary system • punched cards as input • branch on result of previous instruction • Ada Lovelace (first programmer) • machined parts not accurate enough • never quite completed

21. Analytical Engine

22. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of English poet Lord Byron, worked with Babbage and created a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada is now credited as being the 1st computer programmer.

23. born on 10 December 1815. named after Byron's half sister, Augusta, who had been his mistress. Ada Augusta Byron, 1815-1852

24. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • Samuel Morse invents the Electric Telegraph in 1837. • George Boole invents Boolean Algebra in the late 1840s. Boolean Algebra was destined to remain largely unknown and unused for the better part of a century, until a young student called Claude E. Shannon recognized its relevance to electronics design. Morse Code

25. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • In 1857, only twenty years after the invention of the telegraph, Sir Charles Wheatstone (the inventor of the accordian) introduced the first application of paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data. Wheatstone’s paper tape

26. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • The first practical typewriting machine was conceived by three American inventors and friends, Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samual W. Soule who spent their evenings tinkering together.

27. PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONT’D) • The friends sold their design to Remington and Sons, who hired William K. Jenne to perfect the prototype, resulting in the release of the first commercial typewriter in 1874. • Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines were used for the 1890 census; the machines used Jacquard’s punched cards. This machine is capable of representing, reading, and assembling data.

28. invention of the diode (late 1800’s) • John Ambrose Fleming • an English physicist • studied Edison effect • to detect radio waves and to convert them to electricity • developed a two-element vacuum tube • known as a diode • electrons flow within the tube • from the negatively charged cathode • to the positively charged anode • today, a diode is used in circuits as a rectifier

29. the switching vacuum tube, 1906 • Lee de Forest introduced a third electrode into the vacuum tube • American inventor • the new vacuum tube was called a triode • new electrode was called a grid • this tube could be used as both an amplifier and a switch • many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest using triodes • triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting • their ability to act as switches would later be important in digital computing

30. on/off switches in digital computers • earliest: • electromechanical relays • solenoid with mechanical contact points • physical switch closes when electricity animates magnet • 1940’s: • vacuum tubes • no physical contacts to break or get dirty • became available in early 1900’s • mainly used in radios at first • 1950’s to present • transistors • invented at Bell Labs in 1948 • John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley • Nobel prize, 1956

31. ELECTRONICS ERA1900-1964 • In 1926, Dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfield from New York filed for a patent on a transistor. • Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, completes the 1st general purpose programmable calculator in 1941. • Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by the end of 1943.

32. MARK 1 • Invented by Dr. Howard Aiken • First operating machine that could perform long computations automatically • Addition and subtraction in 1 second, multiplication in 6 s, division in 15.3 s, and logarithm and trigonometric function in over 1 min.

34. ELECTRONICS ERA1900-1964 • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer) is developed by Ballistics Research Lab in Maryland and built by the University of Pennsylvania and completed in 1945.

36. ELECTRONICS ERA (CONT’D) • The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947. • UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is developed in 1951 and can store 12,000 digits in random access mercury-delay lines. Transistor

38. John Mauchly leaning on the UNIVersal Automatic Computer

39. ELECTRONICS ERA (CONT’D) • EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) is completed for the Ordinance Department in 1952. EDVAC

40. ELECTRONICS ERA (CONT’D) • Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in 1959. TI’s Integrated Circuit

41. the integrated circuit (IC) • invented separately by 2 people ~1958 • Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments • Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor (1958-59) • 1974 • Intel introduces the 8080 processor • one of the first “single-chip” microprocessors

42. ELECTRONICS ERA (CONT’D) • The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer. By the mid-80s the 360 and its descendants have generated more than $100 billion in revenue for IBM. IBM 360

43. MINI ERA(1959-1970) • The Mini Era began with the development of the integrated circuit in 1959 by Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor. • Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad (makes engineering drawings with a light pen) on a TX-2 mainframe at MIT’s Lincoln Labs in 1962. • By 1965, an integrated circuit that cost $1,000 in 1959 now costs less than $10.

44. Intel 8088 microprocessor (single chip) Pentium 4 chip has42 million transistors electrical paths now as small as .13 micron • used in first IBM personal computer • IBM PC released in 1981 • 4.77 MHz clock • 16 bit integers, with an 8-bit data bus • transfers took two steps (a byte at a time) • 1 Mb of physical memory address limitation • 8-bit device-controlling chips • 29,000 transistors • 3-micron technology • speed was 0.33 MIPS • later version had 8 MHz clock • speed was 0.75 MIPS.

45. IC’s are fabricated many at a time

46. transistors - building blocks of computers • microprocessors contain many transistors • (ENIAC): 19,500 vacuum tubes and relays • Intel 8088 processor (1st PC): 29,000 transistors • Intel Pentium II processor: 7 million transistors • Intel Pentium III processor: 28 million transistors • Intel Pentium 4 processor: 42 million transistors • logically, each transistor acts as an on-off switch • transistors combined to implement logic gates • AND, OR, NOT • gates combined to build higher-level structures • adder, multiplexor, decoder, register, …

47. IBM 701 (Defense Calculator) • Addition time: 60 microseconds • Multiplication: 456 microseconds • Memory: 2048 (36 bit) words using Williams tubes • Secondary memory: • Magnetic drum: 8192 words • Magnetic tape: plastic • Delivered: December 1952: IBM World Headquarters (total of 19 installed)

48. Second Generation (1958-1964) • 1958 Philco introduces TRANSAC S-2000 • first transistorized commercial machine • IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961) • 1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962) • 1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962) • FORTRAN, ALGOL, and COBOL are first standardized programming languages

49. Third Generation (1964-1971) • April 1964 IBM announces the System/360 • solid logic technology (integrated circuits) • family of “compatible” computers • 1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600 • nanoseconds • telecommunications • BASIC, Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

50. Fourth Generation (1971- ) • Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI) • Nanoseconds and picoseconds • Databases (large) • Structured languages (Pascal) • Structured techniques • Business packages