Title and Abstract

1. Shobna Bhatia Title and Abstract

2. Aim of publishing • Fame • Recognition • Advance science • Requirement for professional recognition • …..

3. Title: Purposes • To draw the attention of a prospective reader • To induce him / her to read the entire paper or at least the abstract • To make electronic retrieval of the article both sensitive and specific

4. Title Simple and concise, but informative Interesting and eye-catching Accurate and specific about paper’s content State the subject in full Indicate study design, animal species Grammatically correct State results or not ?

5. Title Do not Use abbreviations (unless well accepted)Use literary titlesUse interrogative/exclamatory titlesUse all capitals

6. Title Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 cases Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs

7. Title Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 casesSmall bowel intussusception in children: A report of 55 cases Studies on cobalt estimation in liver disease Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs

8. Title Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 casesSmall bowel intussusception in children: … Studies on cobalt estimation in liver diseaseSerum cobalt levels in patients with cirrhosis of liver Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugs

9. Title Pediatric intussusception: A report of 55 casesSmall bowel intussusception in children: … Studies on cobalt estimation in liver diseaseSerum cobalt levels in patients with cirrhosis of liver Comparative study of two new hypoglycemic drugsComparison of hypoglycemic effects of A and B with chlorpropamide in diabetic nude mice

10. Keywords Words or short phrases used for cross-indexing, and retrieval 3-10 identifiers representing main concepts included in the article Use MeSH words Exclude words already in title Arrange alphabetically

11. Keywords >> Possible title Key words • Coeliac disease • Children • India • Studied • Clinical features • Nutritional status • Histopathology findings

12. Keywords >> Possible Title Key words • Coeliac disease • Children • India • Clinical features, nutritional status, histopathology findings Title Coeliac disease in Indian children: Assessment of clinical, nutritional and pathologic characteristics

13. Keywords >> Possible title Key words • Hepatitis B virus • Asymptomatic infection • Transmission of infection to babies • Viral kinetics

14. Keywords >> Possible Titles • Asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection is associated with low viral load and transmission of disease to babies • Hepatitis B virus with low viral load – low risk of transmission of disease to babies • Low viral load in hepatitis B is associated with low risk of transmission of virus to babies

15. Title: examples • Original paperEffects of tegaserod and erythromycin in patients with upper gut dysmotility- a comparative study • EditorialPromotility drugs: not all uniform?

16. Title: examples • A placebo-controlled trial of interferon gamma-1b in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis • Self-reported treatment adherence in inflammatory bowel disease in Indian patients • Daily aspirin -- only half the answer • Influence of baicalin on TNF-α mRNA expression in pancreatic tissue and apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

17. Abstract • A succinct, accurate, summary of the paper • Purposes • Included in several abstracting services (including Medline) • Helps readers browse and decide • Independent (stand-alone)

18. Abstract • A brief statement of chief points • Short but intelligible • Informative and interesting • Avoid unnecessary detail • Stand alone • Accurate

19. Abstract IMRAD pattern: purpose, basic procedures, main findings, principal conclusions Structured/unstructured Length: 150-250 words No information not included in main body Not a copy of sentences in the text No references or abbreviations Include main statistical conclusions

20. Structured abstract • Background • Objective • Methods • Design • Results • Setting • Conclusion • Subjects • Intervention • Main outcome measures • Results • Conclusions + Background, limitations

21. Structured abstract Background/Objectives: Disease progression in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may have association with different genotypes of the virus. In view of limited data available, we studied the prevalence/association and role of HBV genotypes, with reference to the viral and host characteristics in patients, reflecting the chronic form of the disease. Methods: A total of 96 HBsAg seropositive and chronically infected patients attending the Gastroenterology out patients’ department of ___ Gastroenterology were studied for determination of HBV genotypes by nested PCR using type- specific primers. Biochemical markers of liver functions and HBe antigen status were evaluated by standard methods. Serum HBV DNA levels of patients were also measured by real-time PCR using Taqman® chemistry.

22. Structured abstract Results: HBV genotype was noted to be in the order of D (N= 80; 69.5%) > A (N=10; 8.6%) > B (N= 3; 2.6%) or B+ D (N= 3; 2.6%). Higher viral load (7.68 x 108 copies/ml) was associated in patients with elevated serum ALT activity (> 64 IU/L). Majority of the patients (86.3 %) also tested negative for HBe Ag upon serological analysis. Conclusion: Identification of genotype B individually and intermingling of this genotype with the common genotype D is now reported for the first time from India. A detailed follow-up study, involving larger number of such patients might be helpful for better understanding of the HBV disease transmission and pathogenesis.

23. Structured abstract: Drug trial Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a single large oral dose of vitamin A in treating acute shigellosis in children in Bangladesh. Design: Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Setting: Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Subjects: 83 children aged 1­7 years with bacteriologically proved shigellosis but no clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency; 42 were randomized to treatment with vitamin A and 41 formed a control group. Intervention: Children were given a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A plus 25 IU vitamin E or a control preparation of 25 IU vitamin E.

24. Unstructured abstract Little information is available on the knowledge about scientific writing among medical teachers. We administered a 10-point questionnaire to test knowledge about scientific writing among medical teachers participants attending a writing workshop. 32 medical teachers participated. Of these, only 20 (63%) achieved a score of 50% or above. The younger participants (aged less than 30 years) scored worse than the older participants (aged > 30 years), the average scores in the two groups being 6.5 + 1.5 and 4.5 + 1.7, respectively (t-test; p<0.05). Indian medical teachers lack skills in medical writing and steps to improve this are needed.

25. Differences with main paper • Main focus is Methods and Results • V short introduction and Discussion

26. Some guidelines in Abstract • Do not provide • References • Figures • Tables • Long introduction / Discussion

27. Consistency • Main text • No mismatch in numbers / results • No contradictions

28. Conclusions • Title should be accurate, detailed, interesting • Abstract • Structured vs unstructured • Short, concise and accurate