340 likes | 1.21k Views
2. Alfred Adler. 1902Joined Freud's discussion group on neurotics1910Co-founder with Freud Journal of Psychoanalyses 1912Separates from Freud and founds the Society for Individual Psychology. 3. Neo-Freudian. Minimized role of psycho-sexual stagesCulture, spiritualit
E N D
1. Alfred Adler 1870 - 1937
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
2. 2 Alfred Adler 1902 Joined Freud's discussion group on neurotics
1910 Co-founder with Freud Journal of Psychoanalyses
1912 Separates from Freud and founds the Society for Individual Psychology
3. 3 Neo-Freudian Minimized role of psycho-sexual stages
Culture, spirituality, society also influence personality and behavior
Personality development occurs through life-span
4. 4 Freud and AdlerAgreements Disagreements Symptoms have a purpose
Dreams are meaningful
Influence of early life on later life Theory of instincts
Biological determinism
Role of transference in therapy
5. 5 View of Human Nature Holistic and social view of humans
Social beings, self-determined, decision-makers
All behavior is purposeful
Freedom to choose implies values and meanings
Social interest is the most important value
The main motivation for behavior is striving for significance
Phenomenological approach
6. 6 Adler�s most significant and distinctive concept
Refers to an individual�s attitude toward and awareness of being a part of the human community
Mental health is measured by the degree to which we successfully share with others and are concerned with their welfare
Happiness and success are largely related to social connectedness
Social Interest
7. 7 Striving for Significance Compensating for weaknesses
Attaining a unique identity
Achieving a sense of belonging
Security
Competence (vs. sense of inferiority)
8. 8 Phenomenological Approach Adlerians attempt to view the world from the client�s subjective frame of reference
How life is, in reality is less important than how the individual believes life to be
It is not the childhood experiences per se that are crucial, but our recollections and interpretations of these events
9. 9 Life presents challenges in the form of Life Tasks Society ability to share with others
Work making a contribution to others
Sex achieving intimacy
Spiritual personal meaning in life, relation with cosmos
Coping with oneself self-acceptance
10. 10 Family Constellation Primary social environment where the child, through exploration and observation,
learns what gains approval and
how to achieve significance (sense of competence and acceptance).
11. 11 Birth Order First Born
Second Born
Middle Child
Youngest Child
Only Child
12. 12 Life Style Conclusions about the self, others, and the environment based on subjective experiences with parents and siblings.
Conceptualized as a cognitive structure or map from which we apprehend reality and interpret experience
13. 13 Life Style It is largely out of awareness and includes convictions about:
Self-concept Who I am
Self-ideal Who should I be to be significant
The World around What they demand of me
Ethical beliefs Sense of right and wrong
14. 14 Psychologically Healthy Individuals Have developed social interest
Commit self to life-tasks w/o excuses
Have a sense of belonging
Have positive self-esteem and feel acceptable
Are able to accept their imperfections
15. 15 Concept of Psychopathology Discouragement
Acting as if one is inferior
Avoid life tasks
Develop symptoms as excuses for avoiding tasks and save face
16. 16 Purpose of Maladaptive Behaviors (Dreikurs) Behavior
Call Attention
Power Struggle
Revenge
Display Hopelessness Feeling
Irritated
Challenged
Hurt
Hopeless
17. 17 Adlerian Therapy Cooperative and educational enterprise
Goals:
Change faulty thinking and mistaken assumptions
Foster social interest
Decrease inferiority complex
Overcome discouragement
Changes in the lifestyle (mistakes, perceptions, goals)
18. 18 Faulty Thinking and Mistaken Assumptions (Private Logic) Overgeneralizations: life is dangerous; people are mean
False or impossible goals of security: I must please everybody
Misperceptions of life demands: To succeed you must be perfect.
Denial of self-worth
Faulty values: succeed no matter what.
19. 19 Stages of Therapy Establishing the Relationship
Assessment: Exploring the Individual�s Dynamics
Gaining Insight
Reorientation
20. 20 I. Establishing the Relationship Collaborative relationship
Based on trust
Attend to subjective experience of client
Exploration of client�s issues
Setting general goals
Learning process
21. 21 II. Assessment To explore the clients� life-style and how it affects life tasks
Techniques
The Life Assessment; Topics
Explore how initial concern relates to life task
Experiences in family constellation
Early recollections (content and associated affect)
Number one priority of client (basic convictions)
The Question � to explore if symptoms have a psychosomatic component or not (What if�?)
22. 22 III. Gaining Insight Help the client understand their life style and see how it affects their functioning in the tasks of life.
Explore faulty perceptions, mistaken beliefs, and values
Understand their role in creating problems
Gain awareness of responsibility for actions
23. 23 III. Gaining Insight : Techniques Interpretation
Bring to awareness client's goals and beliefs and how they motivate their behaviors
Focus on purposes and consequences of behaviors
Confrontation � Challenge clients with
Discrepancies between behaviors and beliefs
Rationalizations for behavior, mistaken beliefs, private goals, and unproductive behavior
24. 24 IV. Reorientation Action oriented phase to help clients put insights into practice and get the courage to make changes in their lives.
Techniques:
Immediacy Acting as-if
Paradoxical Intention Push-button technique
Spitting on the soup Task setting
Catching oneself
25. 25 IV. Reorientation: Techniques 1/2 Immediacy
attending to behaviors occurring in the therapy relation to help clients explore their motivations and behaviors
Paradoxical intention
prescribe the symptom
Spitting in the soup
identify secondary gain of a given behavior or symptom
Catching oneself
to help gain control of behaviors one wants to change
26. 26 IV. Reorientation: Techniques 2/2 Acting as-if
Rehearse desired behaviors
Push button technique
Imagine pleasant and unpleasant situations and attend to feelings generated
Task setting
Step-wise process of behavior change to assure success, foster feelings of encouragement, and increase self-esteem
27. 27 Encouragement Encouragement is the most powerful method available for changing a person�s beliefs
Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage
Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents people from functioning
Courage develops when people
Become aware of their strengths
Feel that they belong
Have hope for their lives
28. 28 Adler�s Contributions Precursor of cognitive-based therapies and the existential approach
Emphasis on educational and preventive aspects of psychology �
Adler�s ideas have been applied to marriage counseling, family counseling and group work.
Influential in the training of counselors for schools and community health services
Emphasis on human�s ability to change and focus on positive aspects and strengths of patients
29. 29 Neo-Freudian Minimized role of psycho-sexual stages
Culture, spirituality, society also influence personality and behavior
Personality development occurs through life-span
30. 30 Carl Jung 1/3 Analytical Psychology
Incorporates ideas from history, anthropology, and spirituality
Proposed both a personal and collective unconscious
Humans strive to achieve harmony between personal conscious and unconscious aspects
31. 31 Carl Jung 2/3 Collective unconscious
Inherited experiences of the species
Contains archetypes- universal images and symbols
Dreams
Path to the unconscious
Prospective � help prepare for the future
Compensatory between opposites
32. 32 Archetypes 3/3 Persona
public self or mask
Shadow
unknown, powerful and feared- negative aspects of the self that we project
Animus/Anima
masculine/feminine traits
Self
aspects that strive for integration, harmony and self-actualization (which is purpose of dreams)
33. 33 Other Neo-Freudians Eric From The Art of Loving
Karen Horney The Neurotic Personality
of our Times
Erikson Psycho-social stages
Sullivan Inter-personal experiences
Otto Rank birth trauma
34. 34 Describe Ruth�s concerns using concepts form Adler�s theory Life tasks (S: 8)
Life-style (faulty thinking/strengths) (S: 11,16)
Source of inferiority feelings
Source of guilty feelings
Goals for Therapy (S: 15)
Specific Interventions (S: 22)