Anatomy & Physiology

1. Anatomy & Physiology The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Introduction: • Anatomy: the study of structure and shape of the body (and its parts) and their relationship to each other. • Physiology: (physio= nature; ology= study of) the study of the function of the body and its parts. • These compliment each other and allow us to study the body’s structures and functions.

3. Levels of Structural Organization (of Humans): • Atoms (building blocks of matter; combine to make molecules) • Cells (smallest unit of life) • Tissues (groups of similar cells performing a common function) • Organs (groups of tissues working together for a specific function) • Organ Systems (groups of organs working collectively for a greater good) • Organism

4. Levels of Structural Organization (of Humans): http://www.google.com/imgres?q=levels+of+structural+organization&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=P4lM9cOAzch8NM:&imgrefurl=http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/

5. Organ System Overview: • Integumentary System: skin; provides protection, waterproofing, and cushioning; excretes waste; regulates temperate; contains temperature, pain & pressure receptors. http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skin&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsbl&tbnid=hfmWyx2vzLbDKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.americanskin.org/

6. Skeletal System: bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints. Provides framework and supports body; with muscles, allows movement; protects organs; forms blood cells; stores minerals http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system

7. Muscular System: Muscles.Movement and transport substances throughout the body http://www.google.com/imgres

8. Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & receptors. Respond to stimuli and activate muscles or glands. http://www.google.com/imgres

9. Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, thymus, ovaries, testes, & pineal) and hormones. Regulate bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. http://www.google.com/imgres

10. Cardiovascular System: Heart & blood vessels. Transports fluid, oxygen, and waste throughout the body. http://www.google.com/imgres

11. Lymphatic System: Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, Tonsils, Thymus, Appendix, & Spleen. Clean blood of impurities; help with immunity. http://www.google.com/imgres

12. Respiratory System: Nasal passages  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  lungs.Functions in gas exchange. http://www.google.com/imgres

13. Digestive System: Mouth  esophagus  stomach  small then large intestine  rectum; accessory organs include liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions in breaking down food into nutrients for the absorption into the blood. http://www.google.com/imgres

14. Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, & urethra. Functions in filtering nitrogenous waste from the blood (creates urea), maintains body’s water and salt balance, regulates body’s blood pressure, and acid-base balance. http://www.google.com/imgres

15. Reproductive System: Function is to produce offspring. Male includes testis, penis, and duct system; female includes ovaries, uterus, and duct system. http://www.google.com/imgres

16. Maintaining Life: There are 8 characteristics that maintain, or enable, life. • Maintaining boundaries: separation of life from outside environment (from a cell membrane to skin) • Movement: internal & external • Responsiveness: sense the environment and react to it accordingly • Digestion: break down food

17. Metabolism: all chemical reactions within the body: decomposition (break down) and synthesis (build up) • Excretion: removal of wastes • Reproduction: produce more like self (this can occur on the cellular level for growth, maintenance, and repair) • Growth: increase in size

18. Survival Needs: There are 5 survival needs, or requirements for life: • Nutrients: food • Oxygen: needed to break down food (releases energy from food) • Water: transports, regulates, & needed for chemical reactions (most abundant chemical in our bodies) • Normal Body Temperature: determines rate of reactions • Atmospheric Pressure: force exerted on body by weight of air (enables gas exchange)

19. Homeostasis: • Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (temp., bp). • Homeo = same; stasis = stand still • There are 2 types of control: Negative & Positive Feedback Mechanisms.

20. http://www.google.com/imgres

21. The Language of Anatomy: • Superior:above, or toward the head (cranial) • Inferior: below, or away from the head (caudal) • Ventral: front of the body (anterior) • Dorsal: backside (behind) of the body (posterior) • Medial:middle • Lateral: outer side of body • Proximal: close to the origin point of attachment to a limb • Distal: farther from the point of attachment to a limb • Superficial: surface

22. Body Planes & Sections: • Sagittal Section: cutting the body lengthwise • Median (midsagittal) Section: sagittal section that is equal • Frontal Section: cutting the body into anterior and posterior parts. • Transverse Section: (a.k.a. cross section) cutting the body into superior & inferior sections

23. Median: Frontal: Transverse: http://www.google.com/imgres

24. Body Cavities: • Dorsal Cavity: • Cranial Cavity: skull & brain • Spinal Cavity: spinal cord & backbone (vertebrate) • Ventral Cavity: • Thoracic Cavity: upper part of trunk • Abdominopelvic Cavity: lower trunk • The ventral cavity is separated by thediaphragm (thin muscle).

25. http://www.google.com/imgres?

26. Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity: • The mediastinum separates the left & right sides (separates the lungs). • The viscera: lungs, heart, espohagus, trachea, & thymus gland(all except lungs are w/in mediastinum). Abdominopelvic Cavity: • This is from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor. Contains 2 cavities: • Abdominal Cavity (below diaphragm): viscera:stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, and small & large intestines (majority) • Pelvic Cavity(below diaphragm): viscera:large intestines (lower end), bladder, & reproductive organs

27. http://www.google.com/imgres?

28. Other Body Cavities:

29. Nasal Cavity: nose, nasal septum & sinuses (frontal & sphenoidal) http://www.google.com/imgres? Oral & Digestive Cavities: teeth & tongue http://www.google.com/imgres?

30. Orbital Cavities: eyes, eye muscles, & nerves http://www.google.com/imgres? Middle Ear Cavities: middle ear bones http://www.google.com/imgres?

31. This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran, • Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL. • Used with her personal permission, • adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting, • Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.