学术英语 社科

1. 学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences

2. 5 Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and artistic achievements.

3. Unit 5Sociology Matters Unit Contents Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing

4. Unit 5Sociology Matters Lead-in Task Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China. 1 _____________________________________________ 2 _____________________________________________

5. Unit 5Sociology Matters • Text A • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • Group discussion • English language for academic purpose • Collocations • Signpost language • Formal English

6. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

7. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2Cultural universals adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as people’s need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2)

8. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 3 Innovation the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5)

9. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6)

10. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 5 Diffusion the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media, tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7)

11. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the world

12. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: the McDonald’s organization has drawn on Austrians’ love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9)

13. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a station’s daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbie’s popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10)

14. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 7 Technology cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11)

15. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 8 Material culture the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials

16. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 9Nonmaterial culture ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.

17. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 10Cultural lag the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12)

18. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • The cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3) →These cultural practices in Murdock’s list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.

19. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • Each generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4) → ‘For that matter’ is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly.

20. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • Today, more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7) → Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence .

21. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization”… (Para.8) → Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new terms is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory. • Her wardrobe includes…(Para.10) → The clothes that the Brazilian doll has…

22. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • Today’s technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11) → Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information.

23. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences • …the ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12) → The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.

24. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A Group Discussion It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward diffusion? Use examples to illustrate your point.

25. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Collocation Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) 1 人们对衣食住的需求 推出新概念 解除现有的工作关系 改变社会传统和习俗 → people’s need for food, shelter, and clothing → introducing a new idea → sweep away existing working relationships → transform the traditions and customs of the society

26. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Collocation Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) 1 削弱社会文化中的特殊方面 来自于其他国家的文化侵略 满足人类的需求和欲望 关于隐私和审查的问题 → dilute the distinctive aspects of a society’s culture → the cultural invasion from other countries → satisfy human needs and desires → issues concerning privacy and censorship

27. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Collocation Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97) 2 2 human needs and desires level of privacy material culture social consequences working relationship worldwide integration

28. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Collocation Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97) 2 2 Internet users may achieve an adequate __________________ through controlled disclosure of personal information. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the __________________ of population decline and aging in Japan. Sociologists use the term “globalization” to refer to the resulting _________________ of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets. level of privacy social consequences worldwide integration

29. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Collocation Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97) 2 A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _______________ between the board and staff members. In the social sciences, “__________________” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of ________________________. working relationship material culture human needs and desires

30. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language Task 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification. • …may be classified in a variety of ways • At the essay level… • …be sorted into functional groups • Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer… • Paragraphs may also be classified…

31. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Formal English In academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is known as hedging. • Modal auxiliary verbs:can, could, may, might, should, would • Other modal verbs:appear, look, seem, tend • Probability adjectives:likely, possible, probable, unlikely • Probability adverbs:perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably • Frequency adverbs:generally, occasionally, often, seldom, usually

32. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Formal English Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) 2 The cultural practices listed by Murdock ____ be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society ____ let its members choose their own marriage partners. Another ____ encourage marriages arranged by the parents. may may may

33. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Formal English Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) 2 Globalization ____ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field ______ be simply summarized: “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” may could

34. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text A English language for academic purpose Formal English Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) 2 When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, ________ unconsciously, the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost. Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, ________ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them. Workers unemployed for many months are more _______ to suffer economic and psychological hardship. perhaps usually likely

35. Unit 5Sociology Matters • Text B • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for academic purpose • Researching

36. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text • Sociologists’ view on globalization • → “Globalization means an increase in the • geographic range of locally consequential social • interactions.” (Charles Tilly) • tourist gaze • →the expectation on the part of the tourist that he • or she will have exotic experiences while • traveling abroad

37. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text • Effects of globalization on international • tourism • Globalization has greatly expanded the • possibilities for international travel. (Para.2;find • statistics to illustrate it) • High level of international tourism translated into • an increase in the number of face-to-face • interactions between people of different • countries.

38. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text • exotic experiences • →experiences that violate our everyday • expectation about how social interaction and • interaction with the physical environment are • supposed to proceed • e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight • in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand • side of the road.(Para.3)

39. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text • Most of tourists do not want their experiences to • be too exotic. • e.g. the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young • American tourists (Para. 4)

40. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text • What can sociologists study about the tourist • increases with the march of globalization? • e.g. dominant patterns of interaction that emerge • between tourists and locals; whether these interactions • are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6)

41. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences • Americans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1) • Americans, of course, have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.

42. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences • “globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1) • Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.

43. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences • High levels of international tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3) → High levels of international tourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.

44. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B English language for academic purpose Collocation • witness the effects of globalization • social interaction • a proportion of • delight in • be disconcerting to • take pleasure in • put strains on • with the march of globalization

45. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Researching Team work: Form groups of 4-5 and conduct a research about Chinese tourists traveling abroad. The following prompts may be helpful: • the number of Chinese tourists abroad every year • the countries they visit and the length they stay there • the aspects or things they are interested in • their shopping behaviors • how the tourists interact with locals

46. Unit 5Sociology Matters Unit 5Sociology Matters Text B Suggested answers • Text C Task 1 (P103) The “tourist gaze” refers to the expectation of a tourist when he or she travels abroad to have experiences different from that he or she enjoys back at home. The tourist gaze may put strains on face-to-face interactions between tourists and locals, especially those who do not benefit from tourism because some tourists may require too much and become too judging. • Critical reading

47. Unit 5Sociology Matters Text C Suggested answers Translate Paragraph 5 of Text C into Chinese 要了解你与人沟通的风格不是件容易的事。随意拉住别人问他们觉得你是哪种人，随意的？好辩的？友好的？活泼的？这样做颇为尴尬，也不太妥当。所以要进行自我观察和分析，你必须对别人给你的反馈保持敏感，并诚实地解读收到的反馈。这样的观察和分析通常称为“自我监控”，其好处在于能够帮助你发现各种状况下恰当、得体的行为，控制你的情绪反应，给别人留下良好印象，还能在你从一种状况转换到另一种状况时帮助你修正行为。

48. Unit 5Sociology Matters • Listening • Note-taking symbols

49. Unit 5Sociology Matters Listening Academic activities Listening: Note-taking symbols (See Page 106)

50. Unit 5Sociology Matters Listening Suggested answers Task 1 (P106) 1 Four concepts the speaker explains in the lecture: 1) culture identity 2) ethnic identity 3) cultural group 4) ethnic group 2 Definitions of the four concepts: 1) Culture identity embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.