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Major Disasters

Major Disasters. Fire Initiated Toxic Release . HAZARD. ANYTHING WITH POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING AN ACCIDENT. RISK. PROBABILITY OF HAZARD RESULTING AN ACCIDENT. Strategic Management. Operations Management. Risk Management. MAJOR FIRE RISK IDENTIFICATION. RISK ANALYSIS.

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Major Disasters

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  1. Major Disasters Fire Initiated Toxic Release

  2. HAZARD ANYTHING WITH POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING AN ACCIDENT. RISK PROBABILITY OF HAZARD RESULTING AN ACCIDENT.

  3. Strategic Management Operations Management Risk Management

  4. MAJOR FIRE RISK IDENTIFICATION RISK ANALYSIS TRANSACTIONAL DECISION NO YES Risk Control No Risk Management Transfer Reduce Retain

  5. Forany Industrial Process Plant • Following questions must be asked and answered • What are the Hazards ? • What can go wrong and how? • What are the chances? • What are the consequences?

  6. CONESQUENCES OF HAZARDOUS EVENT • FIRE/ EXPLOSION • VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION • FORMATION OF TOXIC ATMOSPHERE

  7. Different Terminologies of Hazardous Situations • Pool Fire • Jet Fire • Flash/ Cloud Fire • Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE) • High Pressure Rupture • BLEVE • Release of Toxic Gases/ Liquids

  8. Heat Radiation levels and Damage Effects (As per API 521)

  9. Explosion Over Pressure Level and Damage Effects

  10. THE FIRST STAGE OF RISK ASSESSMENTIN A PROCESS PLANT ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF THREE STEPS: • IDENTIFYING THE HAZARD • ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OR CONSEQUENCES OF THE HAZARD • DETERMINING PROBABILITY OR LIKELIHOOD OF OCCURRENCE OF HAZARDOUS EVENT

  11. THE NEXT STEP OF RISK ASSESSMENT • TO DETERMINE WHETHER EFFECTS OF THE CONSEQUENCE AND THE PROBABAILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF THE HAZARD IS WITHIN THE ACCEPTABLE LIMIT OR NOT.

  12. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION METHODOLOGY • HAZARDS IN PROCESS PLANTS ARE PRIMARILY IDENTIFIED BASED ON FOLLOWING INFORMATION: • HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS • TYPE OF UNIT PROCESS/ OPERATION • OPERATING PARAMETERS • ANY OTHER RELEVENT DATA • NFPA CODE NO. 325 M • CHECK-LIST • DOW INDEX

  13. COMMONLY USED STRUCTURED HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES • WHAT IF ? ANALYSIS: • What if the Raw Material contains impurities? • What if Cooling Water is Lost? • What if the Vessel Agitation Stops? • What if Power Supply Fails? • What if the Temp./ Press. Sensor Fail? • What if the Pump Stops? etc.

  14. HAZOP STUDY • GUIDE WORDS • NO • MORE • LESS • AS WELL AS • PART OF • REVERSE • OTHER THAN, etc.

  15. 3. FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA) FMEA evaluates the ways in which an Equipment can Fail and the Effects of such Failures on an Installation 4. FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (FTA) Deductive Reasoning Process 5. EVENT TREE ANALYSIS (ETA) Inductive Process

  16. RISK ACCEPTABILITY CRITERIA • Statistical Experience Shows • Chance of Death due to Risk of Driving, Flying or Smoking is 1 in 100000 or 10 –5 • Chance of Death from Lightning or Falling of Aircraft is around 10 –7 or 1 in 10000000 • It is therefore generally accepted that the Risk of Death 1 in 100000 or 10 –5 per Year is Alarming. • Action needs to be taken to Reduce the Risk BELOW the level 1 in 1000000 or 10 –6 per Year and it is generally accepted without concern for Industrial People.

  17. PROBABILITY ESTIMATION Failure Rate data for Some Equipment

  18. CONSEQUENCE ESTIMATION

  19. Public or Societal Risk FN Curve for Societal Risk Expected Frequency 103 F Unacceptable 105 F.N. Lines Reduction Desired Acceptable 102 103 Nos. of Probable Fatalities N

  20. RISK CONTROL MEASURES • Physical Protection • Procedural Protection • Educational Protection

  21. Physical Protection • Strict & Rigorous approach in following the Relevant Standards , Codes & Practices • Built in Safety Devices and Safety System • Venting through Tall stacks • Field Monitors for Different Toxic Gases • Burning Waste gases in a Flare System • Provision of Wind Cones • Fire Proofing of Steel Structures • PPE • Passive Protection System • Active Protection system • Automatic Protection system • Improved Waste Water Management

  22. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION • Fire Emergency Procedure • Disaster Preparedness Plan • Mutual Aid Scheme • No Smoking Policy • Investigation of All Accidents • Hazard Identification through Safety Committee, House Keeping Committee, Safety audit Committee • Conducting Plant Survey, safety survey • Work Permit System • Statutory Requirement • Safety Promotional Activities

  23. Contd. • Information notes on Unsafe conditions • MSDS • Annual Medical Check up of Employees • Safe Start up & Shut Down Procedure • Regular and Preventive Maintenance • Periodic testing of Fire Fighting Appliances

  24. EDUCATIONAL PROTECTION • Periodic Training Programme on Safety, Fire Safety and Hazardous properties of materials • Mock Fire Drill • Safety Manuals • Health & Safety News Bulletins • Safety Motivation schemes • Plant Operating Manual

  25. GROWING IMPORTANCE OF RISK MANAGEMENT DUE TO • LEGISLATION • CUSTOMER ATTITUDE • SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS • MANAGEMENT ATTITUDES

  26. The Science of Firevkx dk foKku

  27. EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM * STARVATION * SMOTHERING * COOLING FIRE TRIANGLE vfXu f=Hkqt Air gok@vkDlhtu Heat rki@fpaxkjh vkx cq>kus ds rjhds * Hkw[kk ekjuk * xyk ?kksVuk * BaMk djuk Fuel Toyu’khy inkFkZ • It takes three things to cause a fire • Heat - something that is hot • Fuel- something that will burn • Oxygen - the air all around us • If we take any one of these things away, the fire cannot survive • ;fn gefdlh ,d HkqtkdksgVknsxsarksvkxcq> tk,xhA

  28. Remember when we talked about the Fire Triangle?

  29. If you remove any one element, you prevent the chemical chain reaction that results from fire • ;fn ge fdlh ,d Hkqtk dks gVk nsxsa rks psu fj,D’ku can gks tk,xk rFkk vkx cq> tk,xhA Oxygen - or the air all around us gok@vkDlhtu Fuel - or something that will burn / Toyu’khy inkFkZ • Removing Heat (Cooling/ BaMk djuk) • Control of • smoking materials • matches and lighters • heating appliances • candles • Suppression • water cools a fire

  30. Fire Triangle • Removing Oxygen (Smothering/ xyk ?kksVuk) • Stop, drop and roll • Smothering action • Blanketing effect And when we remove any one side of the triangle, like taking away the oxygen, the fire cannot survive

  31. Heat Oxygen/Air • Removing Fuel (Starvation / Hkw[kk ekjuk) • Education messages • good housekeeping practices • storage of flammable liquids • in approved containers • away from heat sources

  32. FIRE TETRAHEDRON FIRE EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM Ø  STARVATION / Hkw[kk ekjuk Ø  SMOTHERING / xyk ?kksVuk Ø  COOLING / BaMk djuk Ø  CHAIN REACTION INHIBITION / psu fj,D’ku jksduk

  33. FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIA • WATER ikuh • CARBON DIOXIDE dkcZu Mkb vkDlkbM % lh- vks- Vw • DRY CHEMICAL POWDER MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj • SAND jsr • FIRE FIGHTING FOAM Qkse vkx cq>kus dk • HALON ALTERNATIVES gSyksu ds le:i

  34. Fire Classes CElectrical Equipment / Flammable gas ATrash Wood Paper • Wood /ydMh • Cloth / diMk • Paper / dkxt • rubber • many plastics • energized electrical equipment fctyh ds midj.k • flammable gases xSlsa • magnesium • sodium • potassium • titanium • zirconium • other combustible metals /kkrq • Gasoline / isVzksy • Oil / rsy • grease • tar • oil-based paint • lacquer COMBUSTIBLE B Liquids Grease D METALS

  35. Fire Classes (cont.) CLASS K FIRES KCooking Media • Recently recognized by NFPA 10. • Fires involving combustible vegetable or animal non-saturated cooking fats in commercial cooking equipment. [kkus ds rsy esa vkx dks ,d vyx Js.kh nh xbZ gS ] ds Dykl Qk;jA

  36. CLASSES OF FIRE • CLASS “A” FIRE: - CARBONIOUS FIRE Toyu’khy Bksl oLrq EX.- WOOD, PAPER, COAL, PLASTIC, CLOTH, ETC EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: - WATER cq>k,a & ikuh ls • CLASS “B” FIRE: - FLAMMABLE LIQUID FIRE Toyu’khy nzo oLrq EX. – PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, GREASE, SOLVENT,PAINT, ETC EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: - FOAM, DCP cq>k,a & Qkse@MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj ls • CLASS “C” FIRE: - INFLAMMABLE GAS FIRE / ELECTRICAL FIRE Toyu’khy xSls ,oa fctyh dh vkxA EX. – LPG, METHANE, PROPANE, ACETYLENE, ETC EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: - DCP / CO2 cq>k,a & MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj @lh-vks-Vw ls • CLASS “D” FIRE: - METAL FIRE /kkrq dh vkx EX. – MAGNESIUM, ALLUMINIUM, ZINC, ETC EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: - SPECIAL DRY POWDER (TEC) cq>k,a & Lis’ky MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj ls

  37. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM • FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM • FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM • FLOODING SYSTEM • MULSIFIRE SYSTEM • WATER SPRINKLER/ SPRAY SYSTEM • PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, ETC • MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM • FIRE TENDER • TRAILER PUMP, ETC • FIX-CUM- MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM • FOAM CHAMBER SYSTEM • FOAM POURER SYSTEM, ETC

  38. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS fofHkUu izdkj ds NksVs vfXu’kked midj.k • WATER TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ikuh okyk vfXu’kked • CO2 CARTRIDGE TYPE • STORED PRESSURE • FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Qkse okyk vfXu’kked • MECHANICAL FOAM TYPE • DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TYPE MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj okyk vfXu’kked • CO2 CARTRIDGE TYPE • STORED PRESSURE TYPE • CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS lh-vks- Vw vfXu’kked • STORED PRESSURE TYPE

  39. WATER TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER ikuh okyk vfXu’kked (STORED PRESSURE TYPE) SQUEEZE GRIP SAFETY CLIP/PIN PRESSURE GAUGE SIPHON TUBE PURE WATER DISCHARGE HOSE NOZZLE

  40. MECHANICALFOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHER Qkse okyk vfXu’kked PLUNGER HANDLE CO2 CARTRIDGE FOAM MAKING BRANCH

  41. MECHANICAL FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHER Qkse okyk vfXu’kked (STORED PRESSURE TYPE) SQUEEZE GRIP SAFETY CLIP/PIN PRESSURE GAUGE SIPHON TUBE DISCHARGE HOSE AFFF SOLUTION FOAM MAKING BRANCH

  42. DCP FIRE EXTINGUISHER MzkbZ dsfedy ikoMj okyk vfXu’kked (CO2 GAS CARTRIDGE TYPE) PLUNGER SAFETY PIN/CLIP CO2 CARTRIDGE PIERCER CO2 CARTRIDGE INNER CONTAINER DISCHARGE HOSE SIPHON TUBE DCP NOZZLE

  43. CARBON-DI-OXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHER lh-vks- Vw vfXu’kked SAFETY PIN WHEEL VALVE HIGH PRESSURE DISCHARGE HOSE CYLINDER HANDLE DISCHARGE HORN SIPHON TUBE LIQUEFIED CO2

  44. R A C E Fire Emergency Response Rescue Alarm Contain Extinguish

  45. P A S S Fighting the Fire Pull the pin Aim low at the base of flames Squeeze the handle Sweep side to side

  46. Definitions FIRE FLASH POINT FIRE POINT IGNITION TEMPERATURE AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE SPONTANEOUS IGNITION FLAMMABLE LIMIT FLAMMABLE RANGE

  47. Flash point • The flash point of a liquid fuel is the temperature at which vapour given off by fuel will ignite momentarily when an external flame is applied • At flash point the liquid fuel vapour will not continue to burn • Determines the risk in storing a given liquid fuel at given temperature

  48. Fire point • The fire point of a liquid fuel is the temperature at which vapour given off by fuel will ignite and continue to burn when an external flame is applied • In most of liquid fuels, fire point is not as clearly demarcated as flash point

  49. Ignition point • The ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which the liquid fuel will spontaneously combust in a normal atmosphere, such as a flame or spark. • This temperature is required to supply the activation energy needed for combustion.

  50. Flammability limit • The minimum concentration of vapor of liquid fuel in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. This is known as lower flammability limit ( LFL). • There is also upper flammability limit (UFL) • Flammability is generally expressed as percentage of vapour volume in air

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