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Learn about appositives, their types (restrictive & nonrestrictive), and effective usage in sentences. Includes examples & proper punctuation rules.
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Objectives • The learner will: • Define an appositive. • Describe the difference between restrictive and nonrestrictive appositives. • Use restrictive and nonrestrictive appositives in sentences effectively, employing the proper punctuation.
An Appositive Is: • a noun or noun phrase that renames or describes another noun right beside it. • For example: • My father’s name is Doug. • He is an avid hunter. • My father,Doug, is an avid hunter.
An Appositive Is: • often set off by commas or dashes. • For example: • Two of my friends, Mary and Dylan, are on the same soccer team. • The girls’ birthdays – Elizabeth’s in November, Catherine’s in September, and Veronica’s in February – all fall at the same point in the month.
An Appositive Is: • often introduced by namely, for example, that is, i.e., or e.g. • For example: • The winter months, for example, January and February, are the coldest. • Any subject in the humanities – for example, literature or history – can be used to teach writing skills and research techniques.
An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it.
More Appositive Examples: • The landscaper, Samuel, just bought a new riding lawnmower. • My sister, the teacher, just became a mother. • Many trees, for example, oaks and elms, lose their trees in the fall. • Only one person –namely, my mother– has the ability to calm me down.
Identifying Appositives: • My brother, the research associate, works at a large polling firm. • I have never met the magistrate, Jean. • A white-tailed deer the most magnificent animal I had ever seen was cautiously edging toward a babbling brook. • Books that is old library books have the greatest smell to them.
Nonrestrictive and Restrictive: • Nonrestrictive (Non-Essential) Appositives: • add non-defining, unnecessary information. • are set off by commas or dashes. • Restrictive (essential) Appositives: • Limits the noun it is in apposition to. • cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting its the basic meaning. • A restrictive appositive should not be set off by commas.
John Boy’s oldest sister, Mary Ellen, became a nurse. Stephen King’s books, for example, Carrie and Cujo, are scary. John Boy’s sister Mary Ellen became a nurse. Stephen King’s book Cujo is scary. Nonrestrictive vs. Restrictive
Nonrestrictive or Restrictive? • Piper a golden retriever loves chocolate. • My son has attended a performance of Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet. • J.K. Rowling’s blockbuster children series Harry Potter made her millions of dollars. • Last year, the actor Christian Bale won an Oscar for outstanding supporting actor. • Her husbandLeonwas arrested for stealing ten packages of hotdogs and six jugs of milk from 7-11.
Ask: Does the information define the subject orsimply provide extra info about the subject? • The gold medalist in the men’s 500 Freestyle Swim, Reid Elliott, celebrated his victory by going to Disneyland. • The noun “gold medalist” is defined because we assume there is only one winner in a particular event—the name is just extra information in this case. • The gold medalist Reid Elliott celebrated his victory by going to Disneyland. • There could be many gold medalists we must know the name to know the subject of the sentence!
