英译汉理论与实践

1. 英译汉理论与实践 练习参考答案 程永生

2. 说 明 • 此次更新，为《英译汉译论与实践练习及参考答案》制作了全部课件，但为网络空间计，这里仅为每章提供两道练习和两个参考答案。

3. 目录 • 第一章 英美时文选段汉译 • 第二章 美国总统就职演说选段汉译 • 第三章 英国名家演说选段汉译 • 第四章 英美小说选段汉译 • 第五章 美国文学史选段汉译 • 第六章 国外翻译理论著作选段汉译

4. 第一章 英美时文选段汉译 • Exercises 1— 2

5. Exercise 1: • They considered that such work is of particular relevance in helping developing countries, in particular governments and SMEs, to better understand and participate in processes under way in other intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization.

6. Analysis and translation: • 1 Analysis of the original • 2 Staged translation

7. 1 Analysis of the original: • 1) Grammatical analysis • 2) Stylistic analysis

8. 1)Grammatical analysis: • (1) Sentence structure • (2) Additional complication

9. (1) Sentence structure: • The selection consists of a single complex sentence, composed of a main clause and an object clause.

10. (2) Additional complication: • In the sentence, in particular governments and SMEs is embedded as a parenthesis; at the end of the sentence, in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization is also embedded as a parenthesis.

11. 2) Stylistic analysis: • (1) Periodicity • (2) Structural complication • (3) Parallel structure • (4) Cohesive device • (5) Structural and lexical • formality

12. (1) Periodicity: • The selection is periodic in structure for the embedding of the parentheses, especially the one in the middle of the sentence.

13. (2) Structural complication: • The selection is structurally complicated for the fact that it is composed of a complex sentence with two parenthetic structures embedded.

14. (3) Parallel structure: • In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used, for example, governments and SMEs; to better understand and participate; telecommunications and their trade applications; the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization; in other intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, and in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization.

15. (4) Cohesive device: • The selection is coherent thanks to the use of the following cohesive devices: structurally, parallel structures are frequently used; lexically, particular, organization, telecommunications, and others are repeatedly used; government is used as a partial repetition for intergovernmental, though of different categories; and in particular is repeated.

16. (5) Structural and lexical formality: • The selection is structurally formal in that the sentence the selection is composed of is grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures; it is lexically formal in that in the selection, formal words, including nominalizations, are frequently used, for example, consider, particular, relevance, developing, country, government, understand, participate, telecommunications, and others.

17. 2 Staged translation: • 1) Translation 1 with comments • 2) Translation 2 with comments • 3) Translation 3 with comments

18. 1) Translation 1 • 他们认为，这样的工作在帮助发展中国家，尤其在帮助政府和中小企业，关系甚为密切，以更好地理解并参与到正在进行的过程中去，参与到其他政府间的组织中去，应付通讯和电讯的贸易应用，尤其在国际电讯联盟和世界贸易组织中。

19. Comments: • The translation, produced by following the original strictly, has missed some important relations concerned with the fact that the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization is among other intergovernmental organizations, which, including ITU and WTO, are dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, as revealed in the grammatical analysis.

20. 2) Translation 2 • 他们认为，这种工作对帮助发展中国家，尤其对帮助政府和中小企业，关系尤为密切，以便它们更好地理解并参与到其他政府间的组织正在着手进行的电讯及其在贸易中的应用的进程中去，特别要参与到国际电讯联盟和世贸组织中的活动中去。

21. Comments: • With the wordings reorganized, the present translation has caught the important relations as discussed above. However, 活动in the last line remains incongruous in the context.

22. 3) Translation 3: • 他们认为，此项工作对帮助发展中国家关系重大，尤其对政府和中小企业。其他政府间的组织，尤其是世界电讯联盟和世贸组织，正在研究电讯和电讯在贸易中的应用，让发展中国家了解这些进程，参与到这些进程中去，尤为重要。

23. Comments: • The present translation is reorganized again, and to a large extent, irrespective of the original structures. Consequently, it sounds more logic, coherent, authentic and readable either locally or taking the text as a whole. This example shows that English textualization much depends on grammatical patterning while Chinese textualization much depends on logic sequencing.

24. Exercise 2: • The meeting considered that the recommendations made by the United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency in the sector of telecommunications remain a valid basis for the continuation of intergovernmental activities in the area of the telecommunications, business facilitation and trade efficiency. The experts underlined that UNCTAD should pursue its work in this area by complementing UNISTE recommendations through the consideration of a number of recent trends and events, which have been and will continue to be of critical importance for the competitiveness of enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, in the years to come.

25. Analysis and translation: • 1 Analysis of the original • 2 Staged translation

26. 1 Analysis of the original: • 1) Grammatical analysis • 2) Stylistic analysis

27. 1)Grammatical analysis: • (1) Sentence structure • (2) Additional complication

28. (1) Sentence structure: • The selection consists of two sentences, of which the first is a complex sentence, containing a main clause and an object clause, in subjunctive mood; and the second sentence is similarly a complex sentence, containing a main clause and an object clause, also in subjunctive mood, with an attributive clause further embedded.

29. (2) Additional complication: • In the attributive clause in the object clause of the second sentence, especially small and medium-sized enterprises is embedded as a parenthesis, grammatically in apposition to enterprises that goes before. In the object clause of the first sentence, the word recommendations is modified by the past participle phrase that follows.

30. 2) Stylistic analysis: • (1) Periodicity • (2) Structural complication • (3) Parallel structure • (4) Cohesive device • (5) Structural and lexical • formality

31. (1) Periodicity: • Of the two sentences in the selection, the first is loose in structure while the second is a periodic sentence for the embedding of a parenthesis.

32. (2) Structural complication: • The two sentences are both structurally complicated for the fact that they are both complex sentences, and the second sentence is periodic in structure.

33. (3) Parallel structure: • In the selection, parallel structures are used, for example, in the first sentence, telecommunications, business facilitation and trade efficiency are parallel, and in the second sentence, trends and events and small and medium are parallel. And the two sentences are structurally parallel.

34. (4) Cohesive device: • The selection is coherent thanks to the use of the following cohesive devices: structurally, parallel structures are used; lexically, recommendations and United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency, enterprises are repeated; consideration is used as a partial repetition for consider; consider is used as a near synonym for underline; and so on.

35. (5) Structural and lexical formality: • The selection is formal in that structurally, the sentences the selection is composed of are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures, and lexically, formal words, including nominalizations, are frequently used, for example, consider, recommendation, international, symposium, intergovernmental; and UNCTAD, UNISTE, and many others.

36. 2 Staged translation: • 1) Translation 1 with comments • 2) Translation 2 with comments • 3) Translation 3 with comments

37. 1) Translation 1 • 会议认为，联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的建议，在电讯方面的，作为在电讯、促进企业和贸易效率方面继续政府间活动的基础仍然是有效的。专家们强调联合国贸易和发展会议应该用通过考虑最近的许多倾向和事件来执行联合国贸易效率国际会议的建议在此领域做好工作。这些倾向和事件对企业的竞争性一直具有、将来仍然具有十分重要的意义，在今后的几年中，对中小企业尤其如此。

38. Comments: • The translation tries to be authentic and readable by following the original structure rigidly, though with some readjustments made for the translation of the last part of the second sentence and of some end-positioned attributes scattered in the selection. This way of translation is problematic if the original sentence is too long and the structure is very complicated.

39. 2) Translation 2 • 会议认为，联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的关于电讯方面的建议，在电讯、促进企业发展和提高贸易效率方面，作为政府间继续开展活动的基础仍然是有效的。最近出现了许多新的趋势和事件，专家们强调联合国贸易和发展会议应该用通过考虑最近的许多新趋势和事件来执行联合国贸易效率国际会议的建议在此领域做好自身的工作。这些倾向和事件对企业的竞争性一直具有、将来仍然具有十分重要的意义，在今后的几年中，对中小企业尤其如此。

40. Comments: • In the present translation, some readjustments are made on the previous, but not sufficiently made, for the sentences in the translation are still a little bit too long and somewhat incoherent. For example, the translation consists three long sentences and the second clause in the second sentence consists of 61 Chinese characters. In other words, the second sentence could be retranslated against Chinese norms in the following manner: 最近出现了许多新的趋势和事件，专家们强调指出，联合国贸易和发展会议应该考虑这些趋势和事件，以便执行联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的各项建议，在此领域做好自身的工作.

41. 3) Translation 3 • 联合国贸易效率国际会议认为，会议提出的有关电讯方面的建议，在电讯、促进企业发展和提高贸易效率等领域，仍应作为继续开展政府间合作活动的基础。最近出现了许多新动向，发生了许多新事件。这些新动向和新事件，对提高企业的竞争力，尤其对中小企业，一直具有十分重要的意义，将来也是如此。专家们强调指出联合国贸易和发展会议应考虑这些新动向和新事件，以便执行联合国贸易效率国际会议提出的各项建议，在上述领域做好自身的工作。

42. Comments: • In the present translation, necessary readjustments are made on the previous, by fronting some parts and pushing other parts further back. The greatest readjustment made lies in that the original contains two parallel sentences, each dealing an aspect of meaning. In the translation, however, three sentences are used, of which two are parallel and the two are cut off by a third sentence in between, not parallel to either of the two. In addition, the ideas in the intervening sentence could be found at the end of the second sentence in the original. With above-mentioned readjustments made, authenticity, coherence and readability are greatly reinforced but the original ideas are not difficult to spot out in the translation, though not sequenced in the original way.

43. 第二章 美国总统就职演说汉译 • Exercises 21—22

44. Exercise 21: • Before concluding, fellow-citizens, I must say something to you on the subject of the parties at this time existing in our country. To me it appears perfectly clear that the interest of that country requires that the violence of the spirit by which those parties are at this time governed must be greatly mitigated, if not entirely extinguished, or consequences will ensure which are appalling to be thought of. • (William. H. Harrison, • The Parties in Our Country)

45. Analysis and translation: • 1 Analysis of the original • 2 Staged translation

46. 1 Analysis of the original: • 1) Grammatical analysis • 2) Stylistic analysis

47. 1)Grammatical analysis: • (1) Sentence structure • (2) Additional complication

48. (1) Sentence structure: • The selection consists of two sentences, of which the first is a simple sentence and the second is a complex sentence, containing a main clause and an object clause, and the object clause in turn contains two coordinate object clauses, in the first of which, there is an attributive clause embedded in the subject part.

49. (2) Additional complication: • The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and a vocative; and the second sentence begins with a prepositional phrase, and in the main clause, it serves as a formal subject while the clause that the interest of our country… serves as the real subject, and if not entirely extinguished serves as a parenthesis.

50. 2) Stylistic analysis: • (1) Periodicity • (2) Structural complication • (3) Parallel structure • (4) Cohesive device • (5) Structural and lexical • formality