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INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE. Ms. Autumn Pettit Instructor. Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. A Brief History: Laws: A body of rules that govern conduct with penalties for violations

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INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Ms. Autumn Pettit Instructor

  2. Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice A Brief History: Laws: A body of rules that govern conduct with penalties for violations • Historically, in other countries, the ruler created the law and enforced it. • In the US laws are not enforced by the creators but by law enforcement officials

  3. Primitive and Ancient Law Law enforcement can be traced back to cave dwellers. • Tribes and clans • Justice was retaliatory: punish the offender. • Punishment delivered by victim or victims family.

  4. Common Punishments: • Flaying • Impalement • Burning at stake • Stoning • Branding • Mutilation • Crucifixion

  5. Egypt • Developing Court System • Judges were appointed by Pharaoh • Public officers performed police functions Greece • Ephori • Investigator, judge, jury & executioner • Presided over Senate and Assembly

  6. Rome • Twelve Tables 1st written laws • Urban Cohort, Praetorian Guard Used to protect the palace and patrol the city • Vigiles 1st civilian police force Where word vigilante was derived • Justinian Code Corpus Juris Civilis: Body of Law

  7. English Law and Law Enforcement Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing System • Tithing system -Group of 10 families -Responsible for maintaining order -Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft -Hue & Cry • Hundreds -Group of 10 Tithing -Top official: reeve -Elected a constable, 1st English police officer

  8. Hundreds were consolidated into Shires or Counties • The head of the shire was the shire-reeve -Forerunner to our county sheriff -Both police officer and judge -Power of posse comitatus (later known as posse)

  9. Norman Frankpledge System • 1066 William the Conqueror invaded England • Modified tithing system into Frankpledge System • Required loyalty to the king’s law and responsibility of free Englishmen to maintain peace

  10. Twelfth Century • Henry I: 1100-1135 • Leges Henrici -Made law enforcement a public matter and separated offenses into felonies and misdemeanors. • Henry II: 1154-1198 -Established the jury system

  11. Magna Carta -Signed by King John -Precedent for democratic government -Required rulers uphold the law -forbade taxation without representation -required due process, including trial by jury, and safeguards against unfair imprisonment

  12. Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners • Henry Fielding fought for social and criminal reform • Established the Bow Street Runners • 1st detective unit in London • Volunteer force • Foot and horse patrols

  13. Peelian Reform • Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel • “father of modern policing” • Proposed community responsibility for preserving law and order • Lead to the organization of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829

  14. London Metropolitan Police • “Bobbies” • Uniformed • Primary function was crime prevention through patrol • Were not popular • 1883 appointed two women to supervise women convicts • 1905 women conducted inquiries in cases involving women and children

  15. Early Law Enforcement in the United States • Boston 1631 Six man force Primary function was to ring bell in case of fire In effect for more than 200 hundred years 1735 required to call out time and weather

  16. New York New Amsterdam 1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect colony 1653 changed to “rattle watch” 1844 paid round clock police force First uniform police force

  17. Slave Patrols Enforce Curfews Catch runaways Suppress rebellion Vigilante Movement Refers to the absence of law enforcement Settlers taking law into their own hands

  18. Federal Agencies • Department of Justice • FBI • FDEA • US Marshals • INS (now Dept of Homeland Security) • BOP

  19. Department of Treasury • Bureau of Customs • IRS • Secret Service (Dept of Homeland Security) • BATF

  20. Department of Homeland Security -Created after 9/11 -Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.

  21. State Agencies -State highway patrol -Texas Rangers • County Agencies -Sheriff -County Police -Coroner or Medical Examiner

  22. Local Agencies -Constable -Marshall -Municipal Police • Overlap -five levels of government

  23. Three Eras of Policing • Political Era (1840-1930) -decentralized organization -intimate relationship with community -foot patrol -police corruption -Pendleton Act (can not fire or promote for political reasons)

  24. Minorities -segregated and discriminated against • Women -1883: First police officer: Marie Owen • Wickersham Commission -Herbert Hoover -police brutality -called for higher professional standards

  25. Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980) -crime control -centralized & efficient organization -professional remoteness from community -motorized patrol -emphasized importance of college educated officers.

  26. Women and Minorities -Griggs v. Duke Power Company -Equal Employment Opportunity Act • Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: -Questioned preventative Patrol

  27. Community Era (1980-Present) -Community Support -Professionalism -Broad range of services -Problem solving approach -Proactive

  28. Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice System • Puritan Emphasis -Children were basically evil -Children who broke the law were dealt with severely -1820’s laws were passed to protect children from punishment associated with criminal law -New York’s House of Refuge

  29. Juvenile Court -1st juvenile court: Cook County Illinois -Regulated treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delinquent children -purpose was to save the child

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