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Cool Season Cold Air Outbreaks & Warm Waves. Low Frequency Modulation of Warm Wave Frequency ♣ No significant long-term trends in cold air outbreaks or warm waves ♠ Regional frequency modulation by NAO/AO, PNA, ENSO and PDO ♥ Low frequency modulation is underestimated in most CMIP5 models
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Cool Season Cold Air Outbreaks & Warm Waves • Low Frequency Modulation of Warm Wave Frequency • ♣ No significant long-term trends in cold air outbreaks or warm waves • ♠Regional frequency modulation by NAO/AO, PNA, ENSO and PDO • ♥ Low frequency modulation is underestimated in most CMIP5 models • Westby, Lee and Black (2013) PNA NAO ENSO PDO