The PROMP suite: interactive tools for ontology merging and mapping

1. The PROMP suite: interactive tools for ontology merging and mapping 저자 : Natalya F. Noy, Mark A. Musen 발표지 : International Journal of HCS(2003) 장 재 경

2. Abstract • Tools for managing multiple ontologies • In order for ontologies to be reused. • need to be merged or aligned to one another. • Two of the tools • iPrompt • an interactive ontology-merging tool . • anchorPrompt • graph structure of ontologies to find correlation between concepts and to provide additional information for iPrompt.

3. 1. Managing multiple ontologies • Researchers have pursued development of ontologies • Ontologies facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse • Resource Description Framework(RDF) • OWL • Ontology developers must reconcile disparate ontologies. • A domain expert wants to determine a correlation between two ontologies.

4. PROMPT : multiple-ontology management framework • iPROMPT • AnchorPROMPT • PROMPTDiff • PROMPTFactor • Aim of This paper • define the PROMPT. • describe iPROMPT and AnchorPROMPT • evaluate iPROMPT and AchorPROMPT

5. 2. The PROMPT knowledge model • Frame-based • Frame is principal building blocks of an ontology • Frame has a single unique name • Types of frames • classes : a set of entities • slots : attribute, first-class objects • instances : elements of set

6. 3. The PROMPT framework

7. PROMT infrastructure • iPROMPT : interactive ontology-merging tool • Local context • AnchorPROMPT : graph-based tool for finding similarities between ontologies • Represent clases as node and slots as edges • Compares larger portions of the graph than iPROMT

8. PROMPTDiff : tool for finding diff between two versions of same ontology • Heuristics • Comparison of concept names, slots that are attached to concepts, domains and ranges of slots • PROMPTFactor : tool for extracting a part of an ontology • Enables users to factor out part of their ontology into a new sub-ontology

9. The tools in PROMPT suite share • User-interface components • Internal data structures • Some of the algorithms • Logging facilities

10. 4. iPROMT-an interactive ontology-merging tool • Source ontology • UMD • CMU

11. 4.1 iPROMPT ontology-merging algorithm • Based on lexical similarity of class names. • Concentrate on finding clues based on the semantics of ontology and user’s actions

12. Part A • Part B • Part C

13. 4.1.1 The iPROMT operations • Merge classes • Merge slots • age • Merge instances • Perform a shallow copy of a class • Perform a deep copy of a clss

14. 4.1.2 Inconsistencies and potential problems in the merged ontology • Name conflicts • suggests Renaming one of the offending frames • Dangling references • Suggests copying the dangling frame • Redundancy in the class hierarchy • Suggests removing • Slot values violating slot-value restrictions

15. 4.1.3 Example : the merge-classes operation

16. 4.3 Evaluatin of iPROMT • Precision(정확도) • The fraction of the the tool’s suggestions that the users decided to follow • Recall(재현율) • The fraction of the operations that the users performed that were suggested by the tool

17. 5. AnchorPROMT – using non-local context for semantic matching • anchorPROMPT takes as input a set of pairs of related terms-anchors-from the source ontologies • User identifies the anchors • Manually or the system generates them automatically • Goal of the AnchorPROMPT algorithm • Produce automatically a set of semantically related concepts from the source ontologies using a set of anchor matches identified earlier as its input

18. Traversing the paths between anchors • Solid arrows • Connect pairs of anchors • Dashed arrows • Connect pairs of related terms

19. 5.1 Example

20. 5.2 The AnchorPROMPT algorithm • Anchors • Pairs of related terms in the two ontologies • Identify the anchors manually • Automated system compares the names of the terms • Similarity score • Coefficient that indicates how closely two terms are related. • For the pairs of terms in the same positions in the paths.(highest score)

21. 5.3 Evaluation of AnchorPROMT

22. Varying parameters • Equivalence-group size • Maximum size : 2 • Similarity score for equivalence-group members • Number of anchor pairs and maximum length of path

24. 6. Other tools in the PROMPT suite(Ontology versioning with PROMPTdiff)

25. 6. Other tools in the PROMPT suite(PROMPTfactor – factoring out sub-ontologies) • PROMPTfactor • traverses the ontology starting with the selected term and • determines transitive closure of all relations, including subclass-of relation

26. 7. Interactions between the PROMPT tools • iPROMPT • provides overall look-and-feel of the tool, user-interface components, and data structures to other tools. • provides anchors-pairs of related terms- for AnchorPROMPT. • AnchorPROMPT analyses the graph structure and produces its own set of pairs of related terms. • iPROMPT can then present these pairs to the users as additional suggestions. • iPROMPT and PromptDiff exchange heuristics

27. 8. Using the PROMPT tools for other knowledge models

28. 9. Related work

29. 10. Concluding remarks • In this paper, • described PROMPT framework for managing multiple ontologies • Includes tools for interactive ontology merging, ontology alignment, versioning • For future work • plan to leverage further the advantages of the uniform view at different ontology-management process.