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Comprehensive Guide to Muscle Testing: Techniques, Equipment & Training Protocols

Explore the intricacies of muscle testing, clinical implications, and training protocols using dynamometers and isometric/isokinetic machines. Learn about F/V relationships, neuromuscular implications, vertical jumping techniques, and resistance training goals. Discover the importance of proper information and equipment in assessing strength, power, and movement-specific adaptations for athletes and patients.

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Comprehensive Guide to Muscle Testing: Techniques, Equipment & Training Protocols

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  1. Muscle Testing and its clinical implications Paul Thawley Msc Pg Dip (Rehab) MCSP SRP Olympic Medical Insitute

  2. Measuring external force • Isokinetic dynamometers • Isotonic dynamometers • Isometric dynamometers • 1 RM • Vertical Jumping • Variable resistance machines (ACES system)

  3. Mechanical properties of muscles F/V relationship F V0 V shortening V elongation

  4. First systems: Isometric machine • Evaluation of maximal isometric strength (maximal voluntary strength) • Pros: Very accurate systems, easy to build, low costs, few instructions to give to the athlete/patient • Cons: Limited information about strength/power characteristics of the subject, data limited to a specific point of the R.O.M., is MVC possible in injuried people ? (limited application for rehab purposes)

  5. Isometric Testing

  6. Isometric testing

  7. Human strength: Isometric MVC Isometric measure Force Velocity V0

  8. Isometric tests

  9. Isokinetic testing • Machine accomodates strength exertion. • Speed is pre-determined by the operator • Computer controlled

  10. Isokinetic measurement • Very Expensive systems • Not easy to prepare • Complicated software • Allows only Lab measurement • Limited evaluation possibilities for top athletes

  11. Human strength: Isokinetic Range of Isokinetic measurement Force Velocity V0

  12. Neuromuscular implications Ballistic motion is characterised by the perfect timing of agonist/antagonist muscle activation. The typical activation pattern is called triphasic burst, as depicted in the figure

  13. Strength training in modern sports • Isotonic exercises • Dynamic execution • Free weights • Cammed Machines • Vertical Jumping • Sprinting

  14. Useful data for training Isokinetic: ??? Isometric: ??? Isotonic: Training adaptations can be measured with high accuracy if the same apparatus used for training is used for testing. (Sale e MacDougall, 1991)

  15. Why do we need proper informations ? Where is the fun part ? Isn’it too much ?

  16. MuscleLab • Linear encoder • Electrogoniometer • EMG surface • Strain Gauge • Contact/light mat • Accelerometer • Force Plate • Infrared (sprint analysis)

  17. How is it utilised ?

  18. Build F/V relationship F X X X X V

  19. Determining Power P = F x V F O V

  20. Vertical Jumping Assessment Tape meter (Abalakov Test)

  21. Testing Methods to measure vertical jump Evolution of tape measurement. Apparatus developed on the Sargeant test protocol Jump and reach

  22. Contact and light mats Flight time based

  23. The new Quattro Jump system

  24. Jumping Protocols Single Jumps Squat Jump with added weight SJbw Squat Jump SJ Countermovement Jump CMJ

  25. Jumping protocols Multiple Jumps Continuous Jump CJ Continuous Jump straight legs CJs

  26. Steps to build the program • Resistance training goal • Exercise selection • Exercise Order • Training load and repetitions • Volume • Rest Periods

  27. Resistance training goals • Hypertrophy ? • Maximal strength ? • Power ? • Movement specific strength ? • Mainteinance of strength

  28. Exercise selection Core exercises Large muscle areas and multijoint Assistance exercises Small muscle areas and single joint Structural exercises Load on the spine Power exercises Weight quickly lifted

  29. When deciding the exercise • Consider Exercise technique experience • Equipment availability • Training time availability • Muscle Balance • Sport-Specific technique • Previous injuries of the individual

  30. Exercise Order • Power, Core and Assistance • Stress on power enhancement • Upper and Lower body (Alternated) • For non- well trained individuals • Push – Pull • Indicated for circuit training • Supersets and Compound sets • Two exercise with opposing muscles • Two exercise for same muscle group

  31. Assign the training load Determine 1RM Or Build F/V rel. Decide number of repetitions Establish goal (Hypertrophy, Power?) Decide volume Sets x Reps Chose % of 1RM Or load on F/V curve

  32. For gaining Strength/power • The weight has to be lifted as fast as possible • Use load assignment to increase maximal strength and optimise power production • Every repetition should be performed at more than 90% of the maximum power • In this way FT fibers are recruited

  33. For gaining hypertrophy • Use heavy loads • Use multiple sets • Use repetitions to fatigue • Use eccentric type of training • Reduce rest between sets • Recruit all muscle fibers

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