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Chapter 2: Population and Health

Chapter 2: Population and Health. Unit 2. Critical Issues in Population Geography. More people are alive today than at any other time in human history The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever before.

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Chapter 2: Population and Health

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  1. Chapter 2: Population and Health Unit 2

  2. Critical Issues in Population Geography • More people are alive today than at any other time in human history • The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than ever before. • Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

  3. Where Are the World’s People Distributed? • Population concentrations • Two-thirds of the world’s population are in four regions: • East Asia • South Asia • Europe • Southeast Asia

  4. Where Are the World’s People Distributed? • Sparsely populated regions • The ecumene • People generally avoid: • Dry lands • Wet lands • Cold lands • High lands

  5. Where Are the World’s People Distributed? • Population density • Arithmetic density • Physiological density • Agricultural density

  6. Why Is World Population Increasing? • Natural increase rate • The percentage by which a population grows in a year • Doubling time • The number of years needed to double a population • Fertility: • Total fertility rate (TFR) • Crude birth rate (CBR) • Mortality • Crude death rate (CDR) • Infant mortality rate (IMR) • Life expectancy

  7. Why is World Population Increasing? • Demographic transition • Four stages • Stage 1: Low growth • Agricultural revolution • Stage 2: High growth • Industrial Revolution • Stage 3: Moderate growth • Stage 4: Low growth • Zero population growth (ZPG)

  8. Why is World Population Increasing?

  9. Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? • Health and Gender: • Abortion, Infanticide, Disappearances • Sex Ratio • Sex Selection • Maternal Mortality Rate

  10. Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? Health and Aging: • Population pyramids • A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition • Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR • Age distribution • Dependency ratio • Sex distribution • Health Care • Medical Facilities

  11. Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges?

  12. Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? • Epidemiology • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • Stage 1: Pestilence and famine • The Black Plague • Pandemics • Stage 2: Receding pandemics • Cholera and Dr. John Snow

  13. Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • Stage 3: Degenerative diseases • Most significant: Heart disease and cancer • Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases • Medical advances prolong life

  14. Why Might Population Increase in the Future? • Malthus on overpopulation • An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically • Criticism of Malthus includes the following: • Pessimistic viewpoint • Failure to consider technological innovation

  15. Malthus: Theory vs. Reality

  16. Why Might Population Increase in the Future? • Neo-Malthusians

  17. Why Might Population Increase in the Future? • Population Futures: • Demographic Transition Possible Stage 5: Decline • Negative population growth • CBR extremely low or nearly nonexistent • Increasing CDR • Declining/negative NIR • Why would this happen?

  18. Why Might Population Increase in the Future? • Epidemiological Futures: • The epidemiologic transition • A possible stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases? • Three reasons why it might be happening: • Evolution • Poverty • Improved travel/connections

  19. Why Might Population Increase in the Future? • Family Futures: • Education • Health Care • Contraception

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