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The Effects of Early Human Development on Health, Behaviour, and Learning

The Effects of Early Human Development on Health, Behaviour, and Learning. Meeting on Early Childhood Education. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and Alfredo Tinajero The Founders’ Network. Dec 18, 2009. 09-029.

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The Effects of Early Human Development on Health, Behaviour, and Learning

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  1. The Effects of Early Human Development on Health, Behaviour, and Learning Meeting on Early Childhood Education Rio de Janeiro, Brazil By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and Alfredo Tinajero The Founders’ Network Dec 18, 2009

  2. 09-029 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research – Early Human Development • Population Health – Bob Evans • 1987 • 2. Human Development – Dan Keating • 1993 • 3. Experience-based Brain and Biological Development – Ron Barr, Tom Boyce, Marla Sokolowski • 2003

  3. Experience-Based Brain development in the early years of life sets neurological and biological pathways that affect throughout life: 03-080 Health Learning (literacy) Behaviour

  4. 04-015 Socio-Economic Gradient and Mortality – Men UK 140 120 SMR 100 SMR – Standardized Mortality Rate 80 60 I II III IV V Social Class

  5. 09-031 The Challenge of the Gradient Ubiquitous in world countries by income, education, or occupation. Socioeconomic gradients in health, behaviour, and learning. Not easily explained by traditional risk factors. Possible factor – developmental neurobiology. Gradients in ‘developmental health’ are evident very early in life. Hertzman

  6. U.K. CIVIL SERVICE 91-068 Mortality - All Causes Other 16 Clerical 12 Professional/ 8 Executive Cumulative Mortality 4 Administrative 0 0 2 4 8 6 10 Year of Follow-up

  7. Age Adjusted Odds Ratios 03-094 CHD - Whitehall Study Civil Service Grade HIGH LOW Non-Adjusted 1.00 1.50 Adjusted Work 1.00 1.18 Risk Factors 1.00 1.30 Fully 1.00 0.95 Marmot, BMJ, 1997

  8. 09-173 Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease Early neurobiological development sets pathways that increase the risk for high blood pressure and coronary heart disease in adult life. Barker & Robinson, 1992

  9. 09-034 The epidemiologic observations that smaller size or relative thinness at birth and during infancy is associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and osteoporosis in adult life have been extensively replicated. Gluckman et al. 2008

  10. 00-076 Life Cycle and Health In Utero and ECD - Barker et al Adult Life - Marmot et al Stress Pathway – Bruce McEwen Experience & Brain Development – Max Cynader - vision

  11. 04-006 ECD and Male Adult Health - Sweden Number of Adverse ECD Circumstances* 1 2 4 3 0 Adult Health Odds - Ratios General Physical 1 1.39 1.54 2.08 2.66 1 1.56 1.53 2.91 7.76 Circulatory Mental 1 1.78 2.05 3.76 10.27 * Economic, family size, broken family and family dissention Lundberg, Soc. Sci. Med, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1993

  12. Human Development and Literacy

  13. 04-147 Developed Countries Life Expectancy & Literacy 80 78 76 Life Expectancy at Birth 74 72 70 60 100 40 80 0 20 Adult Literacy Percent at Levels 1 and 2 OECD

  14. Literacy and SES Gradients for Youth by Province 1994 96-076 1 0.5 MN literacy score AB SK (adjusted) QC 0 BC ON NS NB PE NF -0.5 -2 -1 0 1 2 socioeconomic status J. Douglas Willms, "Literacy Skills of Canadian Youth" Atlantic Centre for Policy Reseach in Education, University of New Brunswick, October 21, 1996. Prepared for Statistics Canada.

  15. 04-200 Early Child Development and Language Starts early – first 7 months – neurons differentiate language sounds (e.g. English, Japanese) Sets capability for mastering multiple languages Sets literacy and language learning trajectory for the second and third stages of development

  16. Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years 02-001 Word Exposure Vocabulary 1200 High (SES) Middle (SES) 600 Low (SES) 0 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 Age - Months B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995

  17. 04-146 Test of Language Development (TOLD) at Age 9 Correlation between vocabulary growth at Age 3 and language at Age 9. 0.74

  18. Human Brain Development – Language and Cognition 01-003 Language Sensing Pathways Higher (vision, hearing) Cognitive Function 9 -3 3 1 0 6 4 8 12 16 -6 Months Years Conception AGE C. Nelson, in From Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000.

  19. 07-123 Brain Pathways “Higher levels of brain circuits depend on precise, reliable information from lower levels in order to accomplish their function. Sensitive periods for development of lower level circuits ends early in life. High level circuits remain plastic for a longer period.” Knudsen 2004

  20. Early Development Instrument (EDI) 03-085 Physical health and well-being Social knowledge and competence Emotional health/maturity Language and cognitive development Communication skills and general knowledge

  21. 06-149 Vancouver EDI Reading # of % Failing % Not Passing Vulnerabilities Grade 4 Grade 4 Test 0 13.6 17.8 1 26.7 33.9 2-3 29.5 43.1 4-5 48.4 68.3 Hertzman, HELP, 2006

  22. New Zealand Education Study Student Performance at Age 14 Highest Quartile Lowest Quartile at Age 5 at Age 5 Age 14 Age 14 Above Median Below Median Mathematics87 91 Reading 94 85 NZ Council for Educational Research

  23. 05-178 Literacy Levels for the Population Ages 16 to 65 – USA Prose Document Quantitative Percent Level NALS, p. 17, 2002

  24. 09-172 Literacy Levels and Wages - USA 800 Prose Document Quantitative 600 Weekly Wages 400 200 1 2 3 4 5 Level NALS, p. 66, 2002

  25. 05-173 Literacy Levels (Quantitative) and Physical, Mental or Other Health Conditions – USA Health Problems Mental or Emotional Problems Long-term Illness Percent Level NALS, p. 44, 2002

  26. 04-147 Life Expectancy & Literacy 80 78 76 Life Expectancy at Birth 74 72 70 60 100 40 80 0 20 Percent at Levels 1 and 2 OECD

  27. DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY

  28. 08-039 Neurobiology – The Brain Your brain is not just produced by your genes. Your brain is sculpted by a lifetime of experiences. The most important time in brain development is the first few years of life. Kolb, U Lethbridge

  29. 08-026 What is experience? Everything that you encounter both pre- and postnatally as well as in adulthood… Examples: sounds, touch, light, smell, food, thoughts, alcohol and drugs, injury, disease… Kolb, U Lethbridge

  30. 04-039 Two Neurons RECIPIENT NEURON Axon Synapse SIGNAL-SENDING NEURON Dendrite

  31. 08-081 All the neurons have the same DNA. How do the 100 Billion neurons in the brain differentiate for their diverse functions?

  32. 07-169 Environment Affects Normal Gene Function Nature and Nurture Epigenetics MicroRNAs

  33. Methylation of DNA and Acetylation of Histones 09-160 Gene switched on: Unmethylated cytosine Acetylated histones Gene switched off: Methylated DNA cytosine Deacetylated histones

  34. 05-056 Individual differences in stress reactivity of the adult are determined by maternal behaviour during infancy HIGH LG LOW LG Development of Stress Reactivity Increased Stress Reactivity Increased Risk for Heart Disease, Type II Diabetes, Alcoholism, Affective Disorders, Brain Aging, etc. Modest Stress Reactivity Reduced Risk for Disease M. Szyf

  35. 09-114 Methylation of GR Gene and Behaviour - Rats 100 80 60 % Cytosine Methylation 40 20 0 Low Maternal Care Plentiful Maternal Care Meaney & Szyf

  36. Methylation of DNA Maternal Diet and Phenotype - Mice 09-095 100 Full methyl donor Thymus Liver 80 Kidney Brain 60 % Methylation – Variant Agouti Gene Some methyl donor 40 20 No methyl donor Gilbert & Epel, 2009 0 Yellow & Fat Mottled Brown & Thin

  37. 07-001 Early Experience and Brain Architecture and Function Affects gene expression and neural pathways Shapes emotion, regulates temperament and social development Shapes perceptual and cognitive ability Shapes physical and mental health and behaviour in adult life Shapes physical activity (e.g. skiing, swimming, etc.) Shapes language and literacy capability

  38. 03-116 THE EVIDENCE FROM EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

  39. HIGH/SCOPE Perry Preschool - USA 91-014 Age 3 High Risk Children Intervention Group vs. Control Group at age 45 Employment - twice as good High School Completion 1/3 higher Crime 40% less Teenage Pregnancies 40% less Drug Use Substantially Less

  40. Mental Development of Undersized Children 93-040 (Low Height for Age) : The Jamaican Study 110 children of normal height stimulation & supplement 105 develop- stimulation ment 100 quotient supplement 95 control 90 baseline 6 mo 24 mo 12 mo 18 mo Grantham-McGregor

  41. Growth Retardation and Development 02-068 Jamaica Stimulation and supplements normalized development by 2 years Age 11 - Benefits of stimulation still present but not supplementation

  42. 08-031 A “Natural” Experiment: Romanian Orphan Adoption • Children adopted into middle class homes after 8 months in the orphanages show at 11 years in contrast to children adopted early: • Abnormal brain development (small brain, low metabolic activity, abnormal EEG) • Social and cognitive problems (IQ loss) • 3. High vulnerability to behavioural problems (ADHD, aggression, quasi-autism) Kolb, U Lethbridge

  43. 09-009 Bucharest Early Intervention Project Foster parent care vs orphanage care The children who were youngest when placed in foster parent care are approaching normal, a recovery that sadly does not seem to be occurring in children first placed in foster care well after the age of 2. C. Nelson, The Bucharest Early Intervention Project

  44. 04-153 Abecedarian Study – Reading Effect Size Special Primary Grades Preschool (4 mths to School) Preschool & Special Primary Grades 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 Age 8 Age 12 Age 15 Age 21 Age at Testing Campbell & Ramey, 2002

  45. POPULATION STUDIES

  46. Document Literacy 02-061 1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 65 Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5 Sweden 23% 34.0% Canada 42% 23.0% Australia 43% 17.0% United States 48% 18.0% Chile 85% 3.0% Mexico 84% 1.7% OECD

  47. 06-114 Socioeconomic Gradients for Adult Document Literacy Scores (16 to 65) Mean Scores 350 310 Intern’l Mean U.S. 270 Canada Australia 230 Sweden Finland 190 Chile 0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Parents’ Education (years) OECD, 2000

  48. Sociocultural 360 00-042 Gradients for Cuba Language 320 Scores By Country Argentina Chile 280 Brazil Language Score Colombia Mexico 240 200 8 16 1 4 12 Parents' Education (Years) Willms & Somers, 2000

  49. 05-066 Grade 3 Language Scores Argentina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Brazil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chile _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cuba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 UNESCO, 1998

  50. Evolution of Human Development Programs in Cuba Educate Your Child Role of Family Doctors Revolution 1961 1970 1980 1989 1993 1998 2006 2003 UNESCO 1 Polyclinics UNESCO 2

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