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National Innovation System and Inequality: Russia

National Innovation System and Inequality: Russia. Stanislav Zaichenko. Thiruvananthapuram, India, August 19-21 2009. Inequality patterns in Russia. Historical trends Interpersonal inequality Interregional imbalances Inequality by social groups. Historical trends. Inequality patterns.

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National Innovation System and Inequality: Russia

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  1. National Innovation Systemand Inequality:Russia Stanislav Zaichenko Thiruvananthapuram, India, August 19-21 2009

  2. Inequality patterns in Russia • Historical trends • Interpersonal inequality • Interregional imbalances • Inequality by social groups

  3. Historical trends Inequality patterns Period • Feudal • Estate • Class • Socio-economic Until 1861 Until 1917 Until 1991 ? By now

  4. Interpersonal inequality Gini coefficient Income structure

  5. Interpersonal inequality: not a problem?

  6. Interregional imbalances Depressive regional economies Natural resources – related industries (except Moscow)

  7. Interregional imbalances and innovation Organisations performing innovation Production of innovational goods and services, million $ PPP Organisations performing technology transfer Expenditure for technological innovation, million $ PPP Specialisation: Manufacturing Natural resources quarrying and mining Administration/finance Other

  8. Inequality by social groups:adaptation mechanisms failure* Poverty risk, % * 2003 NOBUS data

  9. NSI and inequality co-evolution • NSI and production orientation • Access to infrastructure: • health & education • knowledge • finance • Employment, output and wages • Employment and output controversial dynamics • Informal employment as an adaptation mechanism • Productivity failure • Regional disparities in competence building and production

  10. NSI and production orientation Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials, gas, natural and manufactured: world exports by country, %* * 2006 UN COMTRADE data

  11. Lack of high-tech orientation Share of civil high tech products exports in the total national products exports by country, %* * 2006 UN COMTRADE data

  12. Access to infrastructure: health* Medical services expenditure structure * The Federal State Statistics Service data

  13. Access to infrastructure: education* * The Federal State Statistics Service data

  14. Access to infrastructure: knowledge

  15. Access to infrastructure: knowledge (cont.)

  16. Access to infrastructure: finance 54.7% 45.3% Direct funding of government R&D institutions Competitive funding Russian Academy of Sciences Federal goal-oriented programmes 39.1% 26.3% 5.7% Branch Academies of Sciences Budgetary foundations 6.2% 0.5% Moscow State University 22.2% Other organisations 4.4% Russian Foundation for Basic Research 0.7% Russian Foundation for Humanities 1.1% The Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises

  17. Employment & output: controversial dynamics

  18. Employment & output: “sanitization” Structure of output and employment by industry, % (2007)

  19. Nature of employment: informality Share of informal employment in total income, %

  20. Nature of employment: back to inequality Regions by regional poverty level and share of informal employment in income per capita (2007)

  21. Productivity failure Value added per one employee, thousand RUR Monthly wages by industry, RUR

  22. Regional disparities in competence building and production

  23. Conclusion: inequality balance Positive factors Negative factors Interregional inequality Infrastructure Resources redistribution Institutional / macroeconomic failures Innovation Innovation / business potential Preserving non-innovation activities Constraints Learning Preserving depressive regions Mobility mechanisms

  24. Conclusion: push-pull adaptation today PULL: Centralised budget system • Wealth redistribution mechanisms State “self-eating” Inequality / poverty Survival PUSH: “Homemade” adaptation mechanisms • Income structure transformation • Consumption structure mobilisation Households “self-eating”

  25. Conclusion: comprehensive push-pull scheme • Risk groups addressed policies • Mobility assistance: • education • labor • location • Infrastructure: • knowledge • finance • basic • Health: more flexible insurance • Local budgets: more autonomy PULL: Adaptation / mobility policies Long-term assistance Inequality / poverty Development Single framework PUSH: “Homemade” adaptation mechanisms • Income structure transformation • Consumption structure mobilisation Short-term shock protection

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