Review 2019

1. Review 2019

2. Topics for 2019 • Conflict and Significance of the Crusades • French Revolution • Impact of the Byzantine Empire • Imperialism in Africa • Protestant Reformation

4. Topic 1: Byzantine Empire

5. Origins of the Byzantine Empire • Diocletian split the Roman Empire into east and west. • He controlled the eastern half. • He DID NOT relocate the capital of the Roman Empire. • Byzantium renamed Constantinople. • Historians call the eastern empire the Byzantine Empire • Named after the capital city’s original name of Byzantium • Constantine renamed the city in AD 330.

6. Comparison with Rome • Citizens in the Byzantine Empire thought of themselves as Romans & they shared some similarities with the Roman Empire:

9. How did physical geography affect the capital of Constantinople?

10. Byzantine Empire • Empire included Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria & Egypt • Religion was closely linked to politics • Emperors considered themselves rightful rulers of all former Roman land • One ambitious emperor was Justinian

11. Justinian • Justinian was emperor from AD 527 to 565 • Reconquered the lost Western Empire lands in Italy, Africa, and Spain • Married to Theodora who encouraged him to pass certain laws regarding women

12. Justinian 3 major accomplishments • Reconquering Roman lands in the West • Simplified laws • Corpus JurisCivilis (Body of Civil Law) or Code of Justinian • 5000 laws edited by a panel • Basis of Byzantine law for the next 900 years • Build up Constantinople • Later known as “The City” • Two requirements for citizens: • Membership in Christian Church • Ability to speak Greek • Justinian began rebuilding the capital, which was damaged in a revolt • Rebuilt city walls; built schools, hospitals, courts, churches • Most famous church was Hagia Sophia

13. Empress Theodora • Justinian’s wife Theodora had a lot of power & influence in the Byzantine Empire: • She met with & wrote to foreign leaders • She advised Justinian & helped him pass laws • She encouraged building of Christian cathedrals

14. Preserving Roman Culture • Code of Justinian • Uniform code of law based on Roman law • Included laws on marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights, crime • Byzantines spoke Greek, but considered themselves culturally Roman • Studied Latin, Greek, Roman literature and history • Eastern Empire preserved Greek & Roman culture • In the former Western Empire, Germanic & Roman cultures were blended

15. Significant City: Constantinople • Location • Taxes were taken by anyone trading- helped make the Byzantines prosperous • Religion played a major role in the culture of the city • Example: Hagia Sophia • Justinian helped build up the city

16. The Church divides into two branches • Reasons: • Beliefs: • Byzantine Christians believed Christians should embrace poverty • Western Christians were accepting of money • Icons – small art objects that depict Jesus, Mary or a Christian saint • Debate between those who wanted to keep icons (Western Christians) and iconoclasts (Eastern Christians) – icon smashers • Language • Byzantine priests conducted services in local language (usually Greek) • Western priests conducted services only in Latin • Pope: • Western Christians considered pope to be supreme head of Christian church • Bishop of Constantinople (patriarch) refused to accept pope over emperor as superior

17. Outcome of the Church Problems • Break in 1054 • Western – Roman Catholic church • Eastern – Eastern Orthodox church • Known as the Great Schism of 1054

19. “The Ten” What 10 facts can you recall about this content?

20. Writing a Thesis Thesis= main idea+ bullet point 1 + bullet point 2…. First, you need to pick out the main idea. Underline the main idea for the question

21. Practice Thesis Analyze the legacy of the Byzantine Empire. Be sure to discuss: • Legacy of the Greco-Roman culture • Achievements of Justinian and Theodora • Split in the Christian Church

22. Topic 2: Conflict and Significance of the Crusades

23. Vocabulary Crusades: a series of Holy Wars between Muslims and Christians Holy Land: the area of Palestine held spiritually important to Christians, Muslims, and Jews Pilgrimage: journey to a sacred area for those seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins

25. Beginnings • The Byzantine Empire was under attack by Muslims in 1093 • The Byzantine Emperor asked for help from Western Europe, specifically Pope Urban II. • Pope Urban II launched the Crusades in 1095 • He issued a call for a “Holy War” to gain control over the Holy Lands • Pope Urban II hoped to unite the Roman and Byzantine churches

26. Economic Effects of the Crusades • Gaining control of the Holy Lands would bring wealth • Merchants profited from financing and assisting with the pilgrimages • Merchants sought to control the trade from the Middle East and India

27. Social Effects of the Crusades • The Church (Pope) and kings saw the Crusades as an opportunity to send quarreling knights on a common goal  Take back the Holy Lands • Crusaders believed they would have a place in heaven because of their participation • By the end of the Crusades the Feudal structure was weakened

28. Political Effects • United different groups in conquests of the Holy Lands • Conquest of land was also a reason for the lesser nobility to participate in the Crusades • Neither group actually “won” the Crusades.

29. Lasting Impact of Crusades • Showed the power of the Church to summons a call to free the Holy Lands • Merchants were able to expand trade that benefited both Christians and Muslims • Failure of Crusades lessened the power of the pope • Weakened the feudal nobility and increased the power of kings • Huge fortunes were lost and the fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire • Left legacy of bitterness and hatred between Christians and Muslims • Left a legacy of less religious tolerance both for Christians, Muslims and Jews

30. “The Ten” What 10 facts can you recall about this content?

31. Writing Practice • Analyze the document provided • Provide one outside fact that you would also bring into that body paragraph

32. The Battle of Arsuf by Gustave Dore, featuring Richard the Lionheart (on horseback) facing off against Saladin (standing)

33. Document D “…The Crusaders had been inspired at least in part by commercial motives, those 200 years of constant coming and going between East and West obviously gave trade a tremendous boost. Merchants, studying the itineraries [routes] of the cross-bearers [crusaders] who paved the way, discovered the most direct routes between eastern Mediterranean ports and the heart of Europe. “ • “Legacy of the Crusades,” Aramco World

34. Topic 3: The Protestant Reformation

35. The Printing Revolution • 1455— Johann Gutenberg (German) printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press in the West • Led to rapid spread of ideas

36. Background • Catholic– means ‘universal church’ • All Western European Christians were Catholics before the Reformation • Protestants– Christians who PROTESTed the abuses in the Church

37. Abuses in the Church • Influence of the Renaissance- focus on the individual and wealth • Sold indulgences

38. Martin Luther • German monk • 1517—Luther posted the 95 Theses • Good deeds are not necessary for salvation—it is based on faith alone. • The Bible is the only source of religious truth. (Not the Pope or priests.) • the Church asked Luther to recant but he refused • He argued that Christians should reject the authority of Rome

39. The Spread of Protestantism Thanks to the printing press, Luther’s ideas spread quickly & gained much support for the following reasons: • some saw the reforms as an answer to church corruption • German princes saw it as a way to throw off the rule of the Church

40. Calvinism/Presbyterianism • John Calvin —French lawyer & Protestant Reformer • Taught a concept of predestination • Set up a theocracyin Geneva, Switzerland

41. English Reformation • At first Henry VIII of England was a devout Catholic • Wanted a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon • Problem: The Catholic church doesn’t allow divorce • Solution: Create his own church • Created the new Church of England (aka the Anglican Church) • Anglican Church kept most Catholic forms of worship

42. Counter Reformation • Catholic Church’s efforts to combat the Protestant Reformation • 1530s/40s • Council of Trent: • Works & faith • Bible not the onlysource of truth • Took steps to end abuses

43. “The Ten” What 10 facts can you recall about this content?

44. Body Paragraph Practice • Topic Sentence • Evidence from documents • What does the document say? • What does the information mean? • Why is that information important? • Prior Knowledge • What facts do you know about this topic? • Define the fact: • What does that fact matter?

45. How can you study? • eClass/Google Site • Note cards • Review Packet • Teach it back to someone