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Unit 1: History of Medicine

Unit 1: History of Medicine. A brief overview of where we’ve been. 2000 B.C.—Here, eat this root. 1000 A.D.—That root is heathen. Here, say this prayer. 1850 A.D.—That prayer is superstition. Here, drink this potion. 1920 A.D.—That potion is snake oil. Here, swallow this pill.

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Unit 1: History of Medicine

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  1. Unit 1: History of Medicine A brief overview of where we’ve been

  2. 2000 B.C.—Here, eat this root. • 1000 A.D.—That root is heathen. Here, say this prayer. • 1850 A.D.—That prayer is superstition. Here, drink this potion. • 1920 A.D.—That potion is snake oil. Here, swallow this pill. • 1945 A.D.—That pill is ineffective. Here, take this penicillin. • 1955 A.D.—Oops . . . bugs mutated. Here, take this tetracycline. • 1960–1999—39 more “oops.” Here, take this more powerful antibiotic. • 2000 A.D.—The bugs have won! Here, eat this root. • World Health Organization

  3. Medicine’s Beginnings • Started off as prayers and rituals • Shaman • Rituals used to cure ailments • Drumming and chanting • Amulets and charms • Trepanning…

  4. Medicine’s Beginnings cont’d • Man began to use accessible materials • Clay • Plants/Herbs • Mushrooms • Ate foods for effect • Grind plants for substance

  5. Medicine’s Beginnings cont’d • Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) • Coca (Erythroxylon coca) • Daffodil (Narcissus spp.) • Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) • English yew (Taxusbaccata) • Fever tree (Cinchona succiruba) • Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) • Opium poppy (Papaversomniferum) • Rubbertree(Heveabrasiliensis) • Willow (Salix spp.)

  6. Egyptian Medicine • First civilization to keep accurate medical records • Described diseases • Recorded remedies • Contraceptives • Headaches • Skin/Hair Conditions

  7. Egyptian Medicine Cont’d • Numerous Contributions • Splinting fractures • Recordkeeping • Disease diagnosis and remedy ***Recording and sharing information

  8. Greek Medicine • Began as Gods healing • Asclepius • Apollo • Hygieia • Hippocrates • Cause and effect • Changes in diet, drugs • Keeping in balance

  9. Greek medicine cont’d • Four humors of the body • Blood • Phlegm • Yellow Bile • Black Bile • Restoring balance cures disease • Bloodletting • Purging

  10. Hippocratic Oath • Establishes patient confidentiality • No mercy killings • Do not perform an abortion • No seducing men or women • Assign the proper diet • Physicians/teachers of medicine are equal to family ***Not presently required by most medical schools

  11. Other Greeks • Aristotle • Direct observation is more powerful • Dissection for comparative anatomy • Galen • Controlled physiological experiments • Experimented on kidneys and spinal cord • Larynx (voicebox), circulatory system, respiratory system, brain nerves • Cataract surgery

  12. Roman Contributions • Aqueducts brought clean water • Sanitation • Sewer systems to carry off waste • Public baths with filtered water

  13. Roman Physicians • Battlefield medicine • First to send physicians with each legion • Used “traveling hospitals” • Paid by the government • Central buildings of care (first hospitals) • Started as rooms in physician’s house • Became entire buildings of sick people

  14. Dark Ages • Romans conquered • Cooperative medicine stops • Manuscripts preserved in monasteries • Watch and protect rather than cure • Epidemics • Bubonic Plague (Black Plague) killed millions • Smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis

  15. Renaissance • “Revival” of Greek and Roman texts • More consistent and “modern” scientific method • Medical schools • Dissection became acceptable • Printing press made sharing information easy • Widespread knowledge allows for advancement

  16. 17th Century • Vesalius – Human anatomy • Numerous dissections led to accurate drawings • Leeuwenhoek – Microorganisms • Showed that organisms are everywhere • Da Vinci – Human anatomy • Worked extensively on proportions of the body • Anatomical drawings (interior and exterior)

  17. 18th Century • New ways of learning • Students attended lectures and met patients bedside • Dissections after diseases helped to understand physiology • Advances in identifying causes • Examine environment • Vaccines developed • Smallpox

  18. 19th Century • Hand-washing in hospitals • Preventing microorganisms from growing • Bacteria come from the environment • Can harm humans • Cause of many diseases • Washing/cleaning wounds during surgery

  19. 19th Century cont’d • Anesthetics became reliable • Previously herbs, alcohol, and drugs • Went into shock from pain • People often died from overdose • Rise of the Nurse • Present in battlefield • Raised standard of care before/after surgery • Immunizations became widespread • Were able to use vaccines to control many diseases

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