Passive Voice of the Present System

1. Passive Voice of the Present System Chapters 18 & 21

2. What is the passive voice? So far, all the verbs that we have been working with have been used in the active voice. In the active voice, the subject performs the action. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is the recipient of the action of the verb. Therefore, only transitive verbs (i.e. ones that take a direct object) can be used in the passive voice.

3. The boy reads the book. The book is read by the boy.

4. What is the passive voice? In English, we form the passive voice by combining an inflected form of the verb “to be” with a passive participle. I am loved. I will be seen. He was being praised.

5. Which voice? • I hid the book under my bed. • The exam was graded by the teacher. • The portrait was painted by an unknown artist. • The motor propelled the boat across the lake.

6. The personal endings for verbs which we learned in chapter 1 were for the active voice. For the present system of the passive voice, we have a new set. But we still conjugate the verbs in the same way, by adding the personal endings to the verb stem.

7. Present Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations laudāre monēre laudā monē laudor moneor laudor moneor laudāris monēris laudā monē laudātur monētur laudā monē laudāmur monēmur laudā monē laudāminī monēmini laudā monē laudantur monentur laudā monē

8. Present Tense of 3rd and 4th Conjugations dūcor facior invenior dūcere facere invenīre dūce faci invenī dūceris faceris invenīris dūceris faceris invenīris dūce faci invenī dūcitur facitur invenītur dūce faci invenī dūcimur facimur invenīmur dūce faci invenī dūciminī faciminī invenīminī dūce faci invenī dūcuntur faciuntur inveniuntur dūcuntur faciunturinveniuntur dūce faci invenī

9. Imperfect of all conjugations present stem + imperfect infix + passive endings

10. Future of 1st and 2nd Conjugations amābor monēbor amāberis monēberis amābitur monēbitur amābimur monēbimur amābiminī monēbiminī amābuntur monēbuntur present stem + bo/bi/bu + passive endings NB alternate 2nd Sg: amābere and monēbere

11. Future of 3rd and 4th Conjugations dūcar faciar inveniar dūcēris faciēris inveniēris dūcētur faciētur inveniētur dūcēmur faciēmur inveniēmur dūcēminī faciēminī inveniēminī dūcentur facientur invenientur uses the same vowel changes as we learned for the active, but with the passive endings dūca facia invenia dūcē faciē inveniē dūcē faciē inveniē dūcē faciē inveniē dūcē faciē inveniē dūce facie invenie dūcar faciar inveniar dūcēris faciēris inveniēris dūcētur faciētur inveniētur dūcēmur faciēmur inveniēmur dūcēminī faciēminī inveniēminī dūcentur facientur invenientur

12. Infinitives The infinitive we learned in chapter 1 is the present active infinitive. ex: amare – to love Now we’ll learn how to form the present passive infinitive.

13. Infinitives For conjugations 1, 2, and 4, just change the final –e of the active infinitive into –ī. For the third conjugation (including 3rd –io), change the whole –ere into –ī.

14. Agent The person by whom the action of a passive verb is performed is indicated by using ā or ab with the ablative case. We ingeniously call this the ablative of agent. If the performer of the verb not a person, the means by which it is done is indicated using the ablative of means (Ch 14). Puer ā patre necātur. Puer tempestāte necātur.

15. Puer librum legit. Liber ā puerō legitur.