Chapter 3 Graphical and Numerical Summaries of Categorical Data

1. Chapter 3Graphical and Numerical Summaries of Categorical Data UNIT OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this unit you should be able to: • 1) Construct graphs that appropriately describe data • 2) Calculate and interpret numerical summaries of a data set. • 3) Combine numerical methods with graphical methods to analyze a data set.

2. Displaying Qualitative Data “Sometimes you can see a lot just by looking.” Yogi Berra Hall of Fame Catcher, NY Yankees

3. The three rules of data analysis won’t be difficult to remember • 1. Make a picture—reveals aspects not obvious in the raw data; enables you to think clearly about the patterns and relationships that may be hiding in your data. • 2. Make a picture —to show important features of and patterns in the data. You may also see things that you did not expect: the extraordinary (possibly wrong) data values or unexpected patterns • 3. Make a picture —the best way to tellothers about your data is with a well-chosen picture.

4. Bar Charts: show counts or relative frequency for each category • Example: Titanic passenger/crew distribution

5. Pie Charts: shows proportions of the whole in each category • Example: Titanic passenger/crew distribution

6. Example: Top 10 causes of death in the United States 2001 For each individual who died in the United States in 2001, we record what was the cause of death. The table above is a summary of that information.

7. The number of individuals who died of an accident in 2001 is approximately 100,000. Top 10 causes of death: bar graph Each category is represented by one bar. The bar’s height shows the count (or sometimes the percentage) for that particular category. Top 10 causes of deaths in the United States 2001

8. Top 10 causes of deaths in the United States 2001 Bar graph sorted by rank  Easy to analyze Sorted alphabetically  Much less useful

9. Top 10 causes of death: pie chart Each slice represents a piece of one whole. The size of a slice depends on what percent of the whole this category represents. Percent of people dying from top 10 causes of death in the United States in 2001

10. Make sure your labels match the data. Make sure all percents add up to 100. Percent of deaths from top 10 causes Percent of deaths from all causes

12. Child poverty before and after government intervention—UNICEF, 1996 • What does this chart tell you? • The United States has the highest rate of child poverty among developed nations (22% of under 18). • Its government does the least—through taxes and subsidies—to remedy the problem (size of orange bars and percent difference between orange/blue bars). • Could you transform this bar graph to fit in 1 pie chart? In two pie charts? Why? The poverty line is defined as 50% of national median income.

13. marg. dist. of survival 710/2201 32.3% 1491/2201 67.7% 885/2201 40.2% 325/2201 14.8% 285/2201 12.9% 706/2201 32.1% marg. dist. of class Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables • Example: Survival and class on the Titanic Marginal distributions

14. Marginal distribution of class.Bar chart.

15. Marginal distribution of class: Pie chart

16. Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables (cont.) • Conditional distributions. Given the class of a passenger, what is the chance the passenger survived?

17. Conditional distributions: segmented bar chart

18. Contingency Tables: Categories for Two Variables (cont.) Questions: • What fraction of survivors were in first class? • What fraction of passengers were in first class and survivors ? • What fraction of the first class passengers survived? 202/710 202/2201 202/325

19. 3-Way Tables • Example: Georgia death-sentence data

20. UC Berkeley Lawsuit

21. LAWSUIT (cont.)

22. Simpson’s Paradox • The reversal of the direction of a comparison or association when data from several groups are combined to form a single group.

23. Fly Alaska Airlines, the on-time airline!

24. American West Wins!You’re a Hero!

25. End of Chapter 3