Tejidos animales y sistemas de órganos

1. Tejidos animales y sistemas de órganos

2. Homeostasis en animales • Las partes del cuerpo interaccionan para: • Coordinar y controlar las partes individuales • Adquirir y distribuir materiales a las celulas y disponer de los desperdicios • Proteger a los tejidos contra heridas y ataques • Reproducir, alimentar y proteger la progenie en su desarrollo temprano • Mantener el ambiente interno (homeostasis)

3. Organización del cuerpo animal • Tejido • Conjunto de celulas que interaccionan y las sustancias extracelulares que conducen alguna tarea • Organo • Unidad estructural de 2 o mas tejidos organizados para conducir alguna tarea • Sistemas de órganos • 2 o mas organos que interactuan para una tarea comun

4. Las células animales se unen mediante varios tipos de unión celular • Uniones adherentes • Mantienen a las celulas unidas en lugares especificos. • Uniones estrechas • Cierran el paso de fluidos entre celula y celula; esos fluidos son forzados a pasar por el interior de las celulas. • Uniones de hendiduras • Permiten el paso de iones y moleculas pequenas del citoplasma de una celula al citoplasma de otra celula adyacente.

5. Cuatro tipos de tejidos principales en animales • Tejido epitelial • Tejido conectivo • Tejido muscular • Tejido nervioso

6. Tejido epitelial • Epitelio • Una capa de celulas que cubre la superficie exterior y recubre los ductos y cavidades internas del animal. • Membrana basal • Una matriz extracelular que adhiere el epitelio al tejido subyacente. • Microvellos • Proyecciones de epitelio absorbente parecidas a dedos

7. Superficie del epitelio simple Membrana basal Tejido conectivo subyacente Fig. 32-3, p. 541

8. Varios tipos de tejido epitelial • Varian segun: • Numero de capas de celulas: • Simple: una sola capa • Estratificado: mas de una capa • Forma de las celulas • Escamosas o achatadas • Cuboidal • Columnar

9. Epitelio escamoso simple • A lo largo de vasos sanguineos, corazón y pulmones • Permite el paso de sustancias por difusión Fig. 32-4a, p. 541

10. Epitelio cuboidal simple • Recubre ductos de algunas glándulas y oviductos • Sirve en absorción, secreción y movimiento de materiales Fig. 32-4b, p. 541

11. Glándula secretora Epitelio columnar simple • Recubre algunos ductos de aire y partes del tracto digestivo • Sirve en absorción, secreción, y protección Fig. 32-4c, p. 541

12. Glandular Epithelium • Glands • Organs that release substances onto the skin, or into a body cavity or interstitial fluid • Exocrine glands (glands with ducts) • Deliver secretions to an external or internal surface (saliva, milk, earwax, digestive enzymes) • Endocrine glands (no ducts) • Secrete hormones which are carried in blood

13. 32.3 Connective Tissues • Connective tissues consist of cells and the extracellular matrix they secrete • Connective tissues connect body parts and provide structural and functional support to other body tissues

14. Soft Connective Tissues • Loose connective tissue • Fibroblasts secrete a matrix of complex carbohydrates with fibers dispersed widely through the matrix • Dense connective tissue (dense collagen fibers) • Dense irregular: Supports skin, internal organs • Dense regular: Ligaments and tendons

15. Specialized Connective Tissues • Cartilage: Rubbery extracellular matrix, supports and cushions bones • Adipose tissue: Fat filled cells, stores energy, cushions and protect organs • Bone: Rigid support, muscle attachment, protection, mineral storage, blood production

16. Connective Tissues

17. Connective Tissues

18. Fig. 32-5a, p. 542

19. Fig. 32-5b, p. 542

20. Fig. 32-5c, p. 542

21. Fig. 32-5d, p. 542

22. Fig. 32-5e, p. 543

23. Fig. 32-5f, p. 543

24. Cartilage and Bone Tissue

25. cartilage at the end of long bone compact bone tissue spongy bone tissue Fig. 32-6, p. 543

26. A Fluid Connective Tissue • Blood: Plasma, blood cells and platelets

27. white blood cell red blood cell platelet Fig. 32-7, p. 543

28. 32.4 Muscle Tissues • Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract when stimulated, requires ATP energy

29. Three Types of Muscle Tissues • Skeletal muscle tissue • Moves the skeleton (voluntary) • Long, striated cells with many nuclei • Cardiac muscle tissue • Heart muscle (involuntary) • Striated cells with single nuclei • Smooth muscle tissue • In walls of hollow organs (involuntary) • No striations, single nuclei

30. 32.5 Nervous Tissue • Nervous tissue • Consists of specialized signaling cells (neurons) and cells that support them (neuroglial cells) • Nervous tissue detects internal and external stimuli, and coordinates responses to stimuli

31. Neurons • Neurons • Excitable cells with long cytoplasmic extensions • Send and receive electrochemical signals • Three types of neurons • Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli • Interneurons integrate sensory information • Motor neurons relay commands from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

32. A Motor Neuron

33. Coordination of Nervous Tissue and Skeletal Muscle

34. 32.2-32.5 Key Concepts Types of Animal Tissues • Epithelial tissue covers the body’s surface and lines its internal tubes • Connective tissue provides support and connects body parts • Muscle tissue moves the body and its parts • Nervous tissue detects internal and external stimuli and coordinates responses

35. 32.6 Overview of Major Organ Systems • In vertebrates, organs arise from three embryonic germ layers • Ectoderm (outermost layer) forms nervous tissue and epithelium of skin • Mesoderm (middle layer) forms muscle, connective tissue, and lining of body cavities • Endoderm (innermost layer) forms epithelium of gut and lungs

36. Body Cavities and Directional Terms

37. Body Cavities and Directional Terms

38. Body Cavities and Directional Terms

39. cranial cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity diaphragm abdominal cavity pelvic cavity Fig. 32-11a, p. 546

40. Dorsal Surface transverse midsagittal ANTERIOR POSTERIOR frontal Ventral Surface Fig. 32-11b, p. 546

41. SUPERIOR (of two body parts, the one closer to head) distal (farthest from trunk or from origin of a body part) frontal plane (aqua) proximal (closest to trunk or to point of origin of a body part) midsagittal plane (green) ANTERIOR (at or near front of body) POSTERIOR (at or near back of body) transverse plane (yellow) INFERIOR (of two body parts, the one farthest from head) Fig. 32-11c, p. 546

42. Animation: Human body cavities

43. Animation: Directional terms and planes of symmetry

44. Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems

45. Eleven Vertebrate Organ Systems

46. Integumentary System Nervous System Muscular System Skeletal System Circulatory System Endocrine System Protects body from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens; controls its temperature; excretes certain wastes; receives some external stimuli. Detects external and internal stimuli; controls and coordinates responses to stimuli; integrates all organ system activities. Moves body and its internal parts; maintains posture; generates heat by increases in metabolic activity. Supports and protects body parts; provides muscle attachment sites; produces red blood cells; stores calcium, phosphorus. Rapidly transports many materials to and from interstitial fluid and cells; helps stabilize internal pH and temperature. Hormonally controls body functioning; with nervous system integrates short- and long-term activities. (Male testes added.) Fig. 32-12a, p. 547

47. Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream; defends the body against infection and tissue damage. Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells; removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells; helps regulate pH. Ingests food and water; mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment; eliminates food residues. Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment; excretes excess fluid and bloodborne wastes. Female: Produces eggs; after fertilization, affords a protected, nutritive environment for the development of new individuals. Male: Produces and transfers sperm to the female. Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems. Fig. 32-12b, p. 547

48. Animation: Human organ systems

49. 32.6 Key Concepts Organ Systems • Vertebrate organ systems compartmentalize the tasks of survival and reproduction for the body as a whole • Different systems arise from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, the primary tissue layers that form in the early embryo

50. 32.7 Vertebrate Skin—Example of an Organ System • Skin is the body’s interface with the environment • Sensory receptors, barrier against pathogens, internal temperature control, water conservation • Vertebrate skin is made up of all four tissue types arranged in two layers: • Outer epidermis contain keratinocytes • Deeper dermis contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles and glands