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Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases. Learning Objectives. Define key terms Explain the relationship of chain of infection to transmission of infection Identify and describe the routes of infection Understand how the immune system works Identify the body’s normal defenses against infection. Key Terms.

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Infectious Diseases

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  1. Infectious Diseases Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  2. Learning Objectives • Define key terms • Explain the relationship of chain of infection to transmission of infection • Identify and describe the routes of infection • Understand how the immune system works • Identify the body’s normal defenses against infection Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  3. Key Terms • Infection • Pathogen • Endemic • Pandemic • Virulent • Vaccination • Meningitis • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • virus Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  4. Key Terms (cont) • Fungi • Parasite Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  5. Key terms (cont) • Candidiasis • Public lice • AIDS • HIV • COPD • Sleep apnoea Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  6. Chain of Infection Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  7. Chain of Infection • Reservoir = e.g. human • Portal of exit = e.g. nasal mucosa • Mode of transmission = e.g.insect bite • Portal of entry e.g. skin • Susceptible host = immunocompromised Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  8. Most effective technique • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n3P8 Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  9. Breaking the chain • Vaccination • Good nutrition • Adequate rest • Disposal of rubbish • Masks, gloves • Medical asepsis • Surgical asepsis • HANDWASHING Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  10. The Immune System • Lymphoid organs • Lymphocytes • B Cells and T cells made in bone marrow • Key organs: spleen, thymus and bone marrow • Macrophages • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_bC894&feature=related Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  11. Lymphocytes • Produced in the bone marrow Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  12. rocess of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control • Heredity • Aging • Environmental conditions • Organism virulence Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  13. Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • Risk Factors You Can Control • Stress • Nutrition • Fitness level • Sleep • Drug use • Personal hygiene • High-risk behaviors • Exposure to products and services that increase risk Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  14. Autoimmune Diseases “when the body makes an error in the antigen-antibody response and builds up antibodies against it’s own tissue and attempts to destroy it” Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  15. Vaccines: Bolstering Your Immunity • Naturally acquired active immunity –exposure to antigens in daily life “a killed or weakened version of a disease causing microrganism (antigen)” Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against future attacks without causing the disease • Artificially acquired active immunity • injections, oral dose • Naturally acquired passive immunity • – passed through to foetus by mother or through breast feeding. • T- and B-cell memory Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  16. NZ Immunisation Schedule • http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched-21mar-11.pdf • http://www.immune.org.nz/ Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  17. Types of Pathogens Disease causing micro-organisms 6 major types: • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Protozoans • Parasites Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  18. Bacteria 3 types (classified by their shape) cocci, bacilli, spirilli Cocci • Staphylocci – normally present on the skin; MRSA • streptococci – Group A (strep throat; necrotising fascitis) • Meningococcal meningitis: stiff neck, Fever, severe headache, photophobia Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  19. Bacteria (cont) • Pneumonia: ‘disease of the lung characterised by characterised by cough, chest pains, chills, fever and eventual respiratory failure”. • Most common forms caused by bacteria • Tuberculosis: “caused by bacteria infiltrating the respiratory system causing chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs”. -airborne transmission -persistent cough, weight loss, coughing blood, early morning fever Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  20. Viruses • Not alive, but still pathogens • The common cold • Influenza • Hepatitis: three different types • A (HAV) • B (HBV) • C (HCV) • Prion – the smallest known pathogen Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  21. Other Pathogens • Fungi • Protozoans • Parasitic worms Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  22. The Body’s Defenses against Disease-Causing Pathogens Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  23. Routes of Disease Transmission Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  24. Process of Infection and Your Body’s Defenses • The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back • Immunity – “being able to resist a particualr disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease” • Antigens – “a substance capable of triggering an immune response” e.g. bacteria, virus • Antibodies – “the body’s response to an antigen” • Humoral immune response – the process whereby the body produces antibodies in response to antigens. • Cell-mediated immunity • Lymphocytes • Macrophages Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  25. The Immune Response Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

  26. Examples of 5 Major Types of Pathogens Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

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