1 / 32

Intermediate Code Generation

Intermediate Code Generation. Intermediate Code Generation. Intermediate languages Declarations Expressions Statements. :=. a. +. *. *. -. -. b. b. c. c. Intermediate Languages. Syntax tree Postfix notation a b c - * b c - * + := Three-address code.

evania
Download Presentation

Intermediate Code Generation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Intermediate Code Generation

  2. Intermediate Code Generation • Intermediate languages • Declarations • Expressions • Statements

  3. := a + * * - - b b c c Intermediate Languages • Syntax tree • Postfix notation a b c - * b c - * + := • Three-address code a := b * - c + b * - c

  4. Three-Address Code x := y op z where x, y, z are names, constants, or temporaries a := b * -c + b * -c t1 := -c t2 := b * t1 t3 := -c t4 := b * t3 t5 := t2 + t4 a := t5 x + y * z t1 := y * z t2 := x + t1

  5. Types of Three-Address Code • Assignment statement x := y op z • Assignment statement x := op y • Copy statement x := y • Unconditional jump goto L • Conditional jump if x relop y goto L • Procedural call param xcall preturn y

  6. Types of Three-Address Code • Indexed assignment x := y[i]x[i] := y • Address and pointer assignmentx := &yx := *y*x := y

  7. Implementation of Three-Address Code • Quadruples op arg1 arg2 result(0) - c t1(1) * b t1 t2(2) - c t3(3) * b t3 t4(4) + t2 t4 t5(5) := t5 a

  8. Implementation of Three-Address Code • Triples op arg1 arg2 (0) - c (1) * b (0)(2) - c (3) * b (2)(4) + (1) (3)(5) := a (4)

  9. Implementation of Three-Address Code • Indirect Triples statement op arg1 arg2 (0) (14) (14) - c (1) (15) (15) * b (14)(2) (16) (16) - c (3) (17) (17) * b (16)(4) (18) (18) + (15) (17)(5) (19) (19) := a (18)

  10. Comparison • Qualdruples • direct access of the location for temporaries • easier for optimization • Triples • space efficiency • Indirect Triples • easier for optimization • space efficiency

  11. New Names and Labels • Function newtemp returns a new name for each call • Function newlabel returns a new label for each call

  12. Assignments S  id “:=” E {emit(id.name ‘:=’ E.place);} E  E1 “+” E2{E.place := newtemp; emit(E.place ‘:=’ E1.place ‘+’ E2.place);} E  E1 “*” E2{E.place := newtemp; emit(E.place ‘:=’ E1.place ‘*’ E2.place);} E  “-” E1{E.place := newtemp; emit(E.place ‘:=’ ‘-’ E1.place);} E  “(” E1 “)” {E.place := E1.place} E  id{E.place := id.name}

  13. Array Accesses A[i]: base + (i - low)  w  (i  w) + (base - low  w) A[i1, i2]: base + ((i1 - low1)  n2 + i2 - low2)  w  (((i1n2) + i2)  w) + (base - ((low1n2) + low2)  w) c(id.place), width(id.place), limit(id.place, i)

  14. Array Accesses • Use inherited attributes L  id “[” Elist “]” | id Elist  Elist “,” E | E • Use synthesized attributesL  Elist “]” | id Elist  Elist “,” E | id “[” E

  15. Array Accesses Elist  id “[” E { Elist.place := E.place; Elist.ndim := 1; Elist.array := id.place; } Elist  Elist1 “,” E { t := newtemp; m := Elist1.ndim + 1; emit(t ‘:=’ Elist1.place ‘*’ limit(Elist1.array, m)); emit(t ‘:=’ t ‘+’ E.place); Elist.array := Elist1.array; Elist.place := t; Elist.ndim := m; }

  16. Array Accesses L  Elist “]” { L.place := newtemp; L.offset := newtemp; emit(L.place ‘:=’ c(Elist.array)); emit(L.offset ‘:=’ Elist.place ‘*’ width(Elist.array)) } L  id { L.place := id.place; L.offset := null }

  17. Array Accesses E  L { if L.offset = null then E.place := L.place; else begin E.place := newtemp; emit(E.place ‘:=’ L.place ‘[’ L.offset ‘]’); end } S  L “:=” E { if L.offset = null then emit(L.place ‘:=’ E.place); else emit(L.place ‘[’ L.offset ‘]’ ‘:=’ E.place); }

  18. An Example x := A[y, z] n1 = 10, n2 = 20, w = 4 c = baseA - ((1 20) + 1)  4 = baseA - 84 t1 := y * 20 t1 := t1 + z t2 := c t3 := t1 * 4 t4 := t2[t3] x := t4

  19. Type Conversion E  E1 + E2 {E.place := newtemp; if E1.type = int and E2.type = int then begin emit(E.place ‘:=’ E1.place ‘int+’ E2.place); E.type := int; end else if E1.type = real and E2.type = real then begin emit(E.place ‘:=’ E1.place ‘real+’ E2.place); E.type := real; end else if E1.type = int and E2.type = real then begin u := newtemp; emit(u ‘:=’ ‘inttoreal’ E1.place); emit(E.place ‘:=’ u ‘real+’ E2.place); E.type := real; end else if … }

  20. Flow-of-Control Statements S  if E then S1 | if E then S1else S2 | while E do S1 | switch E begin case V1: S1 case V2: S2 … case Vn-1: Sn-1 default: Sn end

  21. E.true E.code E.false E.true: S1.code E.false: Conditional Statements S  if E then S1 { E.true := newlabel; E.false := S.next; S1.next := S.next; S.code := E.code || gen(E.true ‘:’) || S1.code }

  22. Conditional Statements S  if E then S1 else S2 { E.true := newlabel; E.false := newlabel; S1.next := S.next; S2.next := S.next; S.code := E.code || gen(E.true ‘:’) || S1.code || gen(‘goto’ S.next) || gen(E.false ‘:’) || S2.code } E.true E.code E.false E.true: S1.code goto S.next E.false: S2.code S.next:

  23. Loop Statements S  while E do S1 { S.begin := newlabel; E.true := newlabel; E.false := S.next; S1.next := S.begin; S.code := gen(S.begin ‘:’) || E.code || gen(E.true ‘:’) || S1.code || gen(‘goto’ S.begin) } S.begin: E.true E.code E.false E.true: S1.code goto S.begin E.false:

  24. Boolean Expressions E  E1or E2 {E1.true := E.true; E1.false := newlabel; E2.true := E.true; E2.false := E.false; E.code := E1.code || gen(E1.false ‘:’) || E2.code; } E  E1and E2 {E1.true := newlabel; E1.false := E.false; E2.true := E.true; E2.false := E.false; E.code := E1.code || gen(E1.true ‘:’) || E2.code; } E  not E1 {E1.true := E.false; E1.false := E.true; E.code := E1.code; }

  25. Boolean Expressions E  “(” E1 “)” { E1.true := E.true; E1.false := E.false; E.code := E1.code; } E  id1relopid2 { E.code := gen(‘if’ id1.place relop.op id2.place ‘goto’ E.true) || gen(‘goto’ E.false); } E  true { E.code := gen(‘goto’ E.true); } E  false { E.code := gen(‘goto’ E.false); }

  26. An Example a < b or c < d and e < f if a < b goto Ltrue goto L1 L1: if c < d goto L2 goto Lfalse L2: if e < f goto Ltrue goto Lfalse

  27. An Example Lbegin: if a < b goto L1 goto Lnext L1: if c < d goto L2 goto L3 L2: t1 := y + z x := t1 goto Lbegin L3: t2 := y - z x := t2 goto Lbegin Lnext: while a < b do if c < d then x := y + z else x := y - z

  28. Case Statements • Conditional goto’s • less than 10 cases • Jump table • more than 10 cases • dense value range • Hash table • more than 10 cases • sparse value range

  29. Conditional Goto’s code to evaluate E into t goto test L1: code for S1 goto next … Ln-1: code for Sn-1 goto next Ln: code for Sn goto next test: if t = V1 goto L1 … if t = Vn-1 goto Ln-1 goto Ln next:

  30. Jump Table code to evaluate E into t if t < Vmin goto Ldefault if t > Vmax goto Ldefault i := t - Vmin L := jumpTable[i] goto L

  31. Hash Table code to evaluate E into t i := hash(t) L := hashTable[i] goto L

  32. Procedure Calls S  callid “(” Elist “)” { for each item p on queue do emit(‘param’ p); emit(‘call’ id.place); } Elist  Elist “,” E { append E.place to the end of queue; } Elist  E { initialize queue to contain only E.place; }

More Related