Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition

1. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition Chapter 2 Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition

2. Objectives • What key characteristics distinguish a professional from other kinds of workers, and what is the role of an IT professional? • What relationships must an IT professional manage, and what key ethical issues can arise in each? • How do codes of ethics, professional organizations, certification, and licensing affect the ethical behavior of IT professionals? • What are the common ethical issues that face IT users? • What approaches can support the ethical practices of IT users?

3. Professionals • Professional adalah orang dengan profesi yang membutuhkan keahlian kerja tertentu yang perlu pendidikan / training formal • Professional merupakan suatu sebutan yang membutuhkan • Pengetahuan khusus • Persiapan akademik yang lama dan intensif

4. Are IT Workers Professionals? • IT workers • Tidak dianggap sebagai tenaga professional How? Why? • Tidak berijin • Tidak terkena jeratan hukum bila terjadi malpraktek • Partial list of IT specialists • Programmers • Systems analysts • Software engineers • Database administrators • Local area network (LAN) administrators • Chief information officers (CIOs)

5. Professional Relationships That Must Be Managed • IT professionals have many different relationships with: • Employers • Clients • Suppliers • Other professionals • IT users • Society at large

6. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Employers • IT professionals sepatutnya menjadi contoh dan mendorong penegakan kebijakan terkait penggunaan IT yang beretika • Ethical Issues • Software Piracy • Trade Secret • Whistle blowing

7. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Employers (continued) • Software piracy • Software piracy adalah perilaku illegal dengan menggandakan produk software atau memungkinkan orang lain mengakses software yang tidak menjadi haknya • Software piracy merupakan area dimana IT professionals dapat dituduh melakukan pelanggaran hukum • The Business Software Alliance (BSA) adalah trade group yang merepresentasikan perusahaan software dan hardware terbesar di dunia • Misi utamanya untuk menghentikan perdagangan software yang tidak resmi oleh anggotanya

8. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Employers (continued)

9. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Employers (continued) • Trade secret • Penggunaan informasi dalam bisnis • Hal-hal yang tidak diketahui oleh publik • Perusahaan sepatutnya mengambil langkah-langkah yang tegas untuk menjaga kerahasiaan • Whistle-blowing • Tindakan untuk menarik perhatian dari tindakan illegal, tidak etis, kasar, atau berbahaya, yang mengancam kepentingan umum.

10. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Clients • IT professional menyediakan • Hardware, software, atau layanan dengan biaya dan jangka waktu yang telah ditentukan. • Client menyediakan • Kompensasi • Akses ke kontak2 utama • Ruang kerja • Hubungan keduanya haruslah didokumentasikan dalam term kontrak yang jelas.

11. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Clients (continued) • Problem terkait etika muncul jika perusahaan merekomendasikan produk dan layanan mereka sendiri untuk memperbaiki permasalahan yang ada. • Perusahaan tidak mampu menyediakan laporan yang lengkap dan akurat terkait dengan status proyek

12. Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Breach of Contract • Fraud / Penipuan • Aktifitas kriminal  mendapatkan barang atau jasa atau property melalui usaha penipuan • Misrepresentation / Kekeliruan tafsir • Merupakan pernyataan yang salah atau tidak lengkap terkait dengan fakta tertentu, jika misrepresentation menyebabkan pihak yang terlibat dalam kontrak menderita kerugian, pihak tersebut berhak untuk membatalkan kontrak dan mendapatkan ganti rugi. • Breach of contract / Pelanggaran kontrak • Satu pihak gagal memenuhi kesepakatan dalam kontrak

13. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Suppliers • IT Professionals sepatutnya mengembangkan hubungan baik juga dengan suppliers • Bersepakat dengan adil • Tidak membuat tuntutan yang tidak masuk akal • Tidak menerima suap

14. Relationships Between IT Professionals and Suppliers (continued) • Penyuapan / Bribery • Memberi uang, barang atau kesenangan kepada seseorang di dalam bisnis atau pemerintahan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan bisnis • At what point does a gift become a bribe? • No gift should be hidden • Perceptions of donor and recipient can differ, How? • Cases  http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/fcpa/fcpa-cases.shtml • Situation and advices  http://www.onlineethics.org/cms/4732.aspx

15. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Gift or Bribe

16. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Distinguishing Between a Bribe and a Gift

17. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Relationships Between IT Professionals and Other Professionals • Professionals saling terikat kepatuhan terhadap kode etik profesi yang berlaku • Masalah etika yang sering muncul diantara sesame profesi IT • Pelanggaran Résumé/curriculum vitae • Berbagi informasi perusahaan dengan cara-cara yang tidak sepantasnya

18. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Relationships Between IT Professionals and IT Users • IT user adalah orang yang menggunakan produk hardware atau software • Tugas seorang IT professionals • Memahami kebutuhan dan kemampuan dari user • Menghantarkan produk dan layanan dalam tingkatan yang terbaik yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan user • Membangun lingkungan yang mendukung perilaku etis user

19. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Relationships Between IT Professionals and Society • Perilaku atau aksi seorang IT professional dapat berdampak pada tataran kemasyarakatan. • How???

20. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Professional Codes of Ethics • Kode etik professional menyebutkan hal-hal terkait prinsip-prinsip dan nilai-nilai dasar yang esensial yang berhubungan erat dengan pekerjaan pada kelompok profesi tertentu • Main parts: • Menguraikan hal-hal yang menjadi cita-cita organisasi • Menyusun aturan dan prinsip-prinisip yang harus dipatuhi oleh semua member organisasi

21. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Professional Codes of Ethics (continued) • Keuntungan bagi individual, profesi, dan masyarakat • Meningkatkan mutu etika dari setiap keputusan yang dibuat • Mensosialisasikan standar yang tinggi untuk praktik dan perilaku yang beretika. • Meningkatkan kepercayaan dan penghargaan dari masyarakat umum • Menyediakan evaluasi benchmark

22. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Professional Organizations • No universal code of ethics for IT professionals • No single, formal organization of IT professionals has emerged as preeminent • Most prominent organizations include: • Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) • Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP) • Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE-CS) • Project Management Institute (PMI)

23. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals • Professional Codes • ACM and IEEE CS • Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice • Ethical Behaviors Expected of the Computer Professional: • Honest and fair; respects confidentiality; maintains professional competence; understands relevant laws; respects and protection of personal privacy; avoids harming others; and respects property rights. Q: How does a software engineer “learn” to be ethical?

24. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 ACM/IEEE-CS Code of Ethics • PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest. • CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest. • PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible. • JUDGMENT - Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment.

25. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 ACM/IEEE-CS Code of Ethics • MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance. • PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest. • COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues. • SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

26. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Additional Guidelines for Computer Professionals • Understand Success • Understand what success means—developers (especially) and users of computer systems must see beyond simply writing code to complete a task. • Design for Real Users • To provide useful systems, real users must be included in the design stage.

27. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Additional Guidelines for Computer Professionals (cont’d) • Evaluate Re-use of Software • Don’t assume existing software is safe and re-usable. • Candidness • Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and limitations of software. • Protect • Require a convincing case for safety.

28. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Certification • Indicates a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities in the opinion of a certifying organization • Can also apply to products • Generally voluntary • Carries no requirement to adhere to a code of ethics

29. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Certification (continued) • Vendor certifications • Some certifications substantially improve IT workers’ salaries and career prospects • Relevant for narrowly defined roles • Or certain aspects of broader roles • Require passing a written exam • Workers are commonly recertified as newer technologies become available

30. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Certification (continued) • Industry association certifications • Require a certain level of experience and a broader perspective than vendor certifications • Lag in developing tests that cover new technologies

31. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Government Licensing • Generally administered at the state level in the United States • Case for licensing IT professionals • Encourage IT professionals to follow the highest standards of the profession • Practice a code of ethics • Violators would be punished

32. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Government Licensing (continued) • Issues associated with government licensing of IT professionals • There are few international or national licensing programs for IT professionals • No universally accepted core body of knowledge • Unclear who should manage content and administration of licensing exams • No administrative body to accredit professional education programs • No administrative body to assess and ensure competence of individual professionals

33. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 IT Professional Malpractice • Negligence has been defined as not doing something that a reasonable man would do, or doing something that a reasonable man would not do • Duty of care refers to the obligation to protect people against any unreasonable harm or risk • Courts consistently reject attempts to sue individual parties for computer-related malpractice

34. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 IT Users • Employees’ ethical use of IT is an area of growing concern

35. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Common Ethical Issues for IT Users • Software piracy • Inappropriate use of computing resources • Inappropriate sharing of information • Private data • Confidential information

36. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Supporting the Ethical Practices of IT Users • Policies that protect against abuses: • Establish boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable behavior • Enable management to punish violators • Policy components include: • Defining and limiting the appropriate use of IT resources • Establishing guidelines for use of company software • Structuring information systems to protect data and information • Installing and maintaining a corporate firewall

37. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Manager’s Checklist of Items to Consider when Establishing an IT Usage Policy

38. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Summary • A professional from a legal standpoint • Has passed the state licensing requirements • Has earned the right to practice there • IT professionals have many different relationships • Each with its own set of ethical issues and potential problems • Professional code of ethics • States the principles and core values essential to the work of an occupational group

39. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 991 Summary (continued) • Licensing and certification of IT professionals • Many people feel that certification will increase the reliability and effectiveness of information systems • Raises many issues • IT-related professional organizations have developed a code of ethics • IT usage policy defines appropriate and inappropriate IT user behavior