The U.S. Space-Based PNT Current Program and Future Trends

1. The U.S. Space-Based PNT Current Program and Future Trends Michael Shaw Director U.S. National Coordination Office

2. Introduction • During the past decade, GPS has grown into a global utility providing space-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) • Consistent, predictable, dependable policy and performance • Augmentations improve performance • Like the Internet, GPS is a critical component of the global information infrastructure • Scalable applications enabling broad new capabilities • Innovations in efficiency, safety, environmental protection, public security and science

3. Space-based PNT Applications Support A Wide Range of Economic Activities Satellite Operations Power Grid Management Communications Network Synchronization Trucking & Shipping Personal Navigation GIS, Surveying, and Mapping Fishing & Boating Aviation Oil Exploration Precision Agriculture 3

4. Space-based PNT is Key to Scientific Monitoring of the Earth To better understand the changes and complex dynamic processes of our home planet

5. Overview • Program • Policy • International Cooperation

6. Global Positioning System (GPS) • Baseline 24 satellite constellation in Medium Earth Orbit • Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions • Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies • Two types of signals: • Standard (free of direct user fees) • Precise (U.S. and allied military) • Three segments: • Space • Ground control • User equipment

7. GPS Constellation 31 Operational Satellites As of 1 Apr 2008 (Baseline Constellation: 24) • 13 Block IIA satellites • 12 Block IIR satellites • 6 Block IIR-M satellite • Transmitting new second civil signal (L2C) • Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need • 2 Block IIR(M) satellites remaining • Next launch: June 2008 • Global GPS civil service performance commitment met continuously since December 1993

8. GPS Modernization – the Future • Second civil signal “L2C” • Designed to meet commercial needs • Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction • Began with GPS Block IIR-M in Sep 2005; 24 satellites: ~2014 • Third civil signal “L5” • Designed to meet demanding requirements for transportation safety-of-life • Uses highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band • Begins with GPS Block IIF • 1st launch: ~2008(GPS IIR-M Demo);~2009(GPS IIF); 24 satellites: ~2016 • Fourth civil signal “L1C” • Designed with international partners for GNSS interoperability (e.g. Galileo) • Begins with GPS Block III • First launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021

9. Continuous Performance Improvement Key measures of effectiveness to evaluate GPS services • Accuracy • Bounded inaccuracy • Assured availability • Integrity • Resistance to RF interference/jamming Accuracy Performance Standard Decreasing range error Year

10. U.S. Policy History • 1978: First GPS satellite launched • 1983: President offered free civilian GPS access to GPS • 1996: Established joint civil/military GPS management • 1997: Congress passes law providing civil GPS access free of direct user fees • 2000: President set Selective Availability to “Zero” • 2004: President issues U.S. Policy on Space-Based PNT • 2007: President announces Selective Availability eliminated from future GPS III satellites

11. 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy • No direct user fees for civil GPS services • Open public signal structures for all civil services • Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacture, applications development and value-added services • Encourages open market-driven competition • Encourage use of GPS time, geodesy and signal standards • Promote global compatibility and interoperability of GNSS systems with GPS • Protect the radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference • Recognition of national and international security issues and protect against misuse

12. 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy • Recognizes the changing international scene • Other nations are implementing space-based systems that provide PNT services • National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT • Chaired by Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation • Membership includes: State, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security, Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA • Established National Coordination Office with staff from each member agency

13. Defense Transportation State Interior NATIONALEXECUTIVE COMMITTEEFOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA Agriculture Commerce NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA GPS International Working Group Chair: State Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation U.S. Space-Based PNT Structure WHITE HOUSE Ad HocWorking Groups

14. U.S. Space-based PNT Advisory Board • Conducts assessments; makes recommendations to the Executive Committee in support of national policy goals and objectives for space-based PNT • Twenty-four members; 6 international members • Met twice in 2007 • Last meeting: 27-28 March 2008

15. Key Executive Committee Activities Eight meetings since 2006 • Five-Year National Space-Based PNT Plan • Summarizes EXCOM agency planning for development, acquisition, sustainment and modernization of U.S. space-based PNT systems • Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan • Department of Homeland Security coordinating U.S. capabilities to detect and mitigate sources of interference to GPS and its augmentations • National PNT Architecture • Provides national PNT framework/investment strategy to help guide future PNT system-of-systems investment– 2025 timeframe • International Cooperation and Consultation • Compatibility and interoperability with other foreign systems

16. Satellite-Based Augmentations WAAS (U.S.) EGNOS (EU) MSAS (Japan)* GAGAN (India)* Existing and Future GNSS • Global Constellations • GPS (U.S.) • GLONASS (Russia) • Galileo (EU)* • Compass (China)* • Regional Constellations • QZSS (Japan)* • IRNSS (India)* *Future

17. 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy International Cooperation Goals: • U.S. space-based PNT systems and services remain essential components of internationally accepted services • Promote U.S. technological leadership in applications involving space-based PNT services To achieve these goals, the U.S. shall: • Encourage foreign development of PNT services/systems based on GPS • Seek to ensure foreign space-based PNT systems are interoperable with civil GPS and augmentations • At a minimum ensure compatibility • Promote use of GPS and its augmentations, civil services and standards with foreign gov’ts and international organizations

18. GALILEO QZS GLONASS GPS Goal of Civil Interoperability Example: • Ideal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems: • No additional receiver cost or complexity • No degradation in performance Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate

19. U.S. Objectives with Other GNSS Service Providers • Ensure compatibility― ability of all space-based PNT services to operate separately or together without interfering with each individual service or signal • Radio frequency compatibility • Spectral separation between M code and other signals • Achieve interoperability – ability of civil U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services operating together to provide better user capabilities than by relying on one service or signal • Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals Pursue through Bi-lateral and Multi-lateral Cooperation

20. U.S. - Europe Cooperation U.S. -- EU agreement signed in 2004 provides solid foundation for cooperation • Activity is divided among four working groups: • Radio frequency compatibility • Trade issues • Technological developments and future designs • Security issues • Improved new civil signal (MBOC) adopted in July 2007 June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit in Ireland (U.S. Sec. of State Colin Powell, Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)‏

21. International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)‏ • Emerged from 3rd UN Conference on Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space - July 1999 • Promote the use of GNSS and its integration into infrastructures, particularly in developing countries • Encourage compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems • Members include: • GNSS providers (U.S., EU, Russia, China, India, Japan) • Other member states of the United Nations • International organizations/associations • U.S. will host next ICG in Pasadena, CA - Dec 2008

22. Web-based Information • PNT.gov established to provide a source for information about U.S. Space Based PNT Program including: • U.S. policy, Executive Committee membership, Advisory Board and frequently asked questions • Announcements about Selective Availability and offer letter to International Civil Aviation Organization • Recent public presentations • GPS.gov established for public information about GPS applications • Available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese • Brochures also available in hardcopy upon request • Links to various other Web sites

23. Summary U.S. Space-based PNT effort progressing well in policy, programs and international outreach • Implementation of 2004 U.S. Policy proceeding • U.S. space-based PNT system performance continues to imimprove into the future • International cooperation is a top U.S. priority • Actively engaged in multi-lateral/bi-lateral consultations • New GNSS applications emerging As new space-based GNSSs emerge, compatibility and interoperability is the key to “success for all”

24. Contact Information Michael E. Shaw Director U.S. National Coordination Office Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing 1401 Constitution Ave, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230-0001 Ph: (202) 482-5809 Fax: (202) 482-4429 michael.shaw@pnt.gov This presentation and other GPS information: www.pnt.gov

25. BACKUPS

26. GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) Alaska England Schriever AFB Colorado S Korea Vandenberg AFB California USNO Cape Canaveral Hawaii Bahrain Kwajalein Ecuador Tahiti Diego Garcia Ascension S Africa Argentina Australia New Zealand Ground Antenna Master Control Station OCS Monitor Station Monitor Station Backup Master Control Station NGA Monitor Station Ground Antenna Future Monitor Station Master Control Station (Schriever AFB)