DO NOW

1. DO NOW • IN YOUR OWN WORDS DEFINE THE WORD HISTORY. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO YOU? WHAT IS HISTORY USED FOR?

2. DO NOW • IN YOUR OWN WORDS DEFINE THE WORD HISTORY. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO YOU? • WHAT DO YOU HOPE TO LEARN FROM THIS WORLD HISTORY CLASS?

3. DO NOW • WHAT IS PREHISTORY? HOW DO WE KNOW AND UNDERSTAND WHAT WENT ON DURING PREHISTORY? • THINK ABOUT THE ACTIVITY THAT WE DID THIS WEEK.

4. Scientific Method • Ask a question • Do background research • Construct a hypothesis by doing an experiment • Analyze your own data and draw a conclusion • Communicate your results

5. Chapter 1: The First Humans • Historians rely mostly on documents, or written records, to create their pictures of the past. However, no written records exist for the prehistory of humankind. In fact, prehistory means the period before writing was developed.

6. Chapter 1: The First Humans • The story of early humans depends on archaeological and, more recently, biological information. Archaeologists and anthropologists use this information to create theories about our early past. What are archaeologists and anthropologists, and what kinds of information do they provide?

7. Section 1: Early Humans 1. prehistory 2. archaeology 3. artifacts 4. anthropology 1. the period before written records 2. the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind 3. tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings etc. 4. study of human life and culture by using artifacts and fossils

8. Archaeologists dig up and examine artifacts while anthropologists examine the artifacts and fossils to determine how people lived their lives. By examining artifacts such as pottery tools, and weapons, for example, these scientists learn about the social and military structures of a society. By analyzing bones, skins, and plant seeds, they are able to piece together the diet and activities of early people. 5. fossils 6. radiocarbon dating 5. bones, skins, and plant seeds 6. tracing the amount of C-14 left in a deceased being (determining age of artifacts up to 50,000 yrs old)

9. The earliest humanlike creatures lived in Africa as long as three to four million yrs ago were called australopithecines or “southern-ape” whom flourished in eastern and southern Africa. They were the first hominids. 7. australopithecines (3-4 Million yrs ago) 8. hominids 9. homo erectus (1.5 Million yrs ago) 10. homo sapiens (250,000 yrs ago) 7. earliest humanlike creatures; hominids 8. humans and other creatures that walk upright 9. “upright human being” created more varied tools; able to use fire 10. “wise human being”

10. Migration of Neanderthals

11. A Brief History of Neanderthals

12. Two distinct subgroups, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens both developed from Homo sapiens. 11. Neanderthals (100,000-30,000 B.C.E) 12. Homo sapiens sapiens (150,000-200,000 yrs ago) 11. used stone tools and were the first to bury their dead found in the Neander Valley in Germany 12. “wise wise human being” modern humans; replace the Neanderthals

13. Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens

14. Early Stages of Human Development Australopithecines (3-4 Million yrs ago) Homo erectus (1.5 Million yrs ago) Homo sapiens (250,000 yrs ago) Neanderthals (100,000-30,000 B.C.E) Homo sapiens sapiens (150,000- 200,000 yrs ago)

15. DO NOW • WHAT IS PREHISTORY? HOW DO WE KNOW AND UNDERSTAND WHAT WENT ON DURING PREHISTORY? • THINK ABOUT THE ACTIVITY THAT WE DID THIS WEEK.

16. DO NOW • READ PAGES 20-21 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED DATING ARTIFACTS AND FOSSILS. • HOW DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND ANTHROPOLOGISTS DETERMINE THE AGES OF FOSSILS AND ARTIFACTS?

17. DO NOW • LOOK AT THE PALELOLITHIC CAVE PAINTING AT THE TOP OF PAGE 25 OF YOUR TEXTBOOKS. • TO MAKE THESE PAINTINGS, PALEOLOTHIC ARTISTS USED STONE LAMPS IN WHICH THEY BURNED ANIMAL FAT TO ILLUMINATE THE CAVE WALLS AND COMBINED POWDERED MINERAL ORES WITH ANIMAL FAT TO CREATE RED, YELLOW, AND BLACK PIGMENTS. • WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE WAS THE PUROSE OF THESE PAINTINGS? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS.

18. DO NOW • LOOK AT THE PALELOLITHIC CAVE PAINTING AT THE TOP OF PAGE 5 OF YOUR TEXTBOOKS. • TO MAKE THESE PAINTINGS, PALEOLOTHIC ARTISTS USED STONE LAMPS IN WHICH THEY BURNED ANIMAL FAT TO ILLUMINATE THE CAVE WALLS AND COMBINED POWDERED MINERAL ORES WITH ANIMAL FAT TO CREATE RED, YELLOW, AND BLACK PIGMENTS. • WHAT DO YOU BELIEVE WAS THE PUROSE OF THESE PAINTINGS? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS.

19. The CE/BCE designation uses the year-numbering system introduced by the 6th-century Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus, who started the Anno Domini designation, intending the beginning of the life of Jesus to be the reference date. Neither notation includes a year zero, and the two notations (CE/BCE and AD/BC) are numerically equivalent; thus "2013 CE" corresponds to "AD 2013" and "399 BCE" corresponds to "399 BC". The CE/BCE notation has been adopted by numerous authors and publishers wishing to be neutral or sensitive to non-Christiansbecause it does not explicitly make use of religious titles for Jesus, such as "Christ" and Domin- ("Lord"), which are used in the BC/AD notation, nor does it give implicit expression to the Christian creed that Jesus was the Christ • 13. B.C.E (B.C.) • 14. C.E. (A.D.) • 13. Before Common Era or Current Era • 14. Common Era or Current Era

20. The Paleolithic Way of Life • For hundreds of thousands of years, humans relied on hunting and gathering for their daily food. Paleolithic peoples, had a close relationship with the world around them. They came to know what animals to hunt and what plants to eat. They gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants. Around the world, they hunted and ate various animals, including buffalo, horses, bison, and reindeer. In coastal areas, fish provided a rich source of food.

21. One of the basic features of the human species is the ability to make tools. The earliest tools were made of stone. The term Paleolithic is used to designate the early period of human history (approximately 2,500,000 to 10, 000 B.C.) in which humans used simple stone tools. 15. Paleolithic Age (2,500,000 to 10, 000 B.C.E) 16. acquiring food 17. nomads 15. “Old Stone” Age (period of human history in which humans used simple stone tools) 16. hunting and gathering with use of spear, bow and arrow, harpoons and fishhooks (buffalo, bison, horses, and deer) (nuts and berries) 17. people who move from place to place following animal migration and vegetation cycles

22. The Paleolithic Way of Life • Archaeologists and anthropologists have speculated that nomads live in small groups of twenty to thirty. Hunting depended on careful observation of animal behavior patterns and demanded group efforts for any real chance of success. Groups of people in search of food, moved beyond their old hunting grounds at a rate of only two to three miles per generation. This was enough; however, to populate the world over tens of thousands of years.

23. Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens

24. DO NOW • DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREHISTORY AND HISTORY. • WHAT MUST SCIENTISTS DO INORDER TO PIECE TOGETHER WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE PREHISTORIC AGES? • WHAT ARE THESE SCIENTISTS CALLED?

25. It is probable that both men and women were responsible for finding food—the chief work of Paleolithic peoples. Because women bore and raised children, they were likely to have stayed close to their camps while men would hunt (which might take place far from camp. 18. men acquiring food 19. women acquiring food 20. shelter 18. by hunting large animals away from camp 19. staying close to their camp gathering nuts and berries 20. caves; overtime creating simple structures of wood poles/animal bones and animal hides

26. As early hominids moved from the tropics into colder regions, they needed to adjust to new, often harsh conditions. Perhaps most important to their ability to adapt was the use of fire.Archaeologists have discovered the piled remains of ashes in caves that prove that Paleolithic people used fire systematically as long ago as 500,000 yrs. At a Homo erectus site in northern China, archaeologists have discovered hearths, ashes, charcoal, and charred bones. 21. social equality 22. use of fire 21. probably existed b/t men and women because both were providers of food 22. gave warmth; protection; was used for hunting; to cook (made the food longer lasting; better tasting; and easier to chew and digest)

27. DO NOW • A group of you are trapped on a secluded island and have no way off and no means of food. What roles would you give men and what roles would you give women when it comes to survival such as retrieving food? • Distinguish between the roles of Paleolithic men and women in finding food. Explain why finding food was the principal work of Paleolithic peoples.

28. DO NOW ALTHOUGH DURING THE PREHISTORIC AGE THERE WERE NO WRITTEN RECORDS, PRETEND AS IF YOU ARE LIVING DURING THE PREHISTORIC AGES AND WRITE A ONE PARAGRAPH JOURNAL ABOUT YOUR LIFE DURING THIS DIFFICULT PERIOD. WHAT ARE YOUR DAILY DUTIES? HOW DIFFICULT IS IT TO ACQUIRE FOOD?

29. Having fire to create a source of heat was especially important when Ice Age conditions descended on the Paleolithic world. The most recent Ice Age began about 100,000 B.C.E. and ended in about 8000 B.C.E. During this time, sheets of thick ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. 23. Ice Age (100,000 B.C.E.-10,000 B.C.E.) 23. 100,000 yrs ago earth began to cool; water froze into huge ice sheets (glaciers)

30. The most recent Ice Age • Ice Age conditions posed a serious threat to human life, and the ability to adapt was crucial to human survival. The use of fire, for example, reminds us that early humans sometimes adapted not by changing themselves to better fit their environment but by changing the environment.

31. The importance of art to human life is evident in one basic fact: art existed even in pre-history among the hunters and gatherers of the Paleolithic Age. Cave paintings discovered in France contained more than three hundred paintings of lions, oxen, owls, panthers, and other animals. • 24. Creating art (25,000-12,000 B.C.E) • 24. cave paintings of lions, owls, oxen, panthers and other animals • By crushing mineral ores and combining them with animal fat, they could paint in red, yellow and black • Paintings were possibly developed for a magical or religious purpose to ensure a successful hunt

32. DO NOW • Distinguish between the roles of Paleolithic men and women in finding food. Explain why finding food was the principal work of Paleolithic peoples. • Look in your notes!!!!!!

33. Creating art Lascaux, France Cave Paintings • http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/02_00.xml • http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/cave-art-discovering-prehistoric-humans-through-pictures#sect-activities (Activity dealing with Lascaux, France Cave Paintings)

34. Think about where you have seen pictures that communicate specific information to people, such as directions. Look at the pictures below. What are these pictures communicating? think about why these pictures work well . How can you give information or tell a story without using words? What story might a picture tell?

35. Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization • 1. Neolithic Revolution (8000 -4000 B.C.E) • 2. Neolithic • 3. systematic agriculture • 1. the agricultural revolution that caused a shift from the hunting of animals and the gathering of food to the keeping of animals and growing food • 2. “new stone” • 3. growing of food on a regular basis

36. The growing of crops on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent settlements. Historians refer to these settlements as Neolithic farming villages. Neolithic villages appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. 4. domestication 4. adaptation for human use (ex: dogs, cows, pigs, sheep) provided a steady source of meat, milk, and wool

37. Neolithic Farming Villages • The growing of crops on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent settlements. Historians refer to these settlements as Neolithic farming villages. Neolithic villages appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. The oldest and biggest ones, however, were located in Southwest Asia. For example, Jericho, in Palestine near the Dead Sea, was in existence by 8000 B.C.E.

38. Catal Huyuk, located in modern-day Turkey, was an even larger community. Its walls enclosed 32 acres, and its population probably reached 6,000 inhabitants during its high point from 6700 to 5700 B.C.E. People in Catal Huyuk lived in simple mudbrick houses built so close to one another that there were few streets. To get to their homes, people had to walk along the rooftops and then enter through holes in the roofs. • 5. Neolithic Farming Villages • 5. permanent settlements/communities (ex: Jericho & Catal Huyuk) is located in Palestine near the Dead Sea

39. DO NOW WHAT IS THE PALEOLITHIC AGE AND THE NEOLITHIC AGE? DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PALEOLITHIC AGE AND THE NEOLITHIC AGE AS FAR AS HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRED THEIR FOOD.

40. DO NOW WHAT IS DOMESTICATION AND HOW WAS IT VITAL TO THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION??????

41. The oldest and biggest Neolithic farming villages were located in Southwest Asia such as Jericho in Palestine near the Dead Sea and Catal Huyuk located in modern day Turkey. 6. Catal Huyuk 7. acquiring food 6. farming village; lived in simple mud brick houses The houses were so close together that people had to walk along the rooftops and then enter through holes in the roofs 7. people grew their own food and kept it in storerooms; domesticated animals and hunted

42. Archaeological digs in Catal Huyuk • Archaeologists have found 12 products that were grown in this community, including fruits, nuts, and three kinds of wheat. People grew their own food and kept it in storerooms within their homes. Domesticated animals, especially cattle, yielded meat, milk, and hides. Hunting scenes on the walls of the ruins of Catal Huyuk indicate that the people also hunted.

43. Diagram of Catal Huyuk

44. As a result of this food production, people often had more food than they needed right away. In turn, food surpluses made it possible for people to do things other than farming. Some people became artisans. 8. artisans 9. religion 8. skilled workers who made products such as weapons and jewelry that were traded with neighboring people 9. special buildings with shrines containing figures of gods and goddesses female statues were created often displaying the act of giving birth or nursing a child. These “earth mothers” may well have been connected with goddess figures.

45. Consequences of the Neolithic Age (8,000 B.C.E.-4,000 B.C.E.) • Systematic agriculture • Domestication of animals • Building permanent settlements • Growth of population • Urbanization • roles of men and women alter • Trade develops (exchange of ideas) • Division of labor emerges • Government develops along with military • Interaction with other communities through trade • Cultural diffusion/exchange of technology • Development of culture

46. DO NOW EXPLAIN THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION. WHAT DOES THE NEOLITHIC (AGRICULTRAL REVOLUTION) LEAD TO WHEN IT COMES TO DISCUSSING SOCIETIES. EXPLAIN WHY…. LOOK IN YOUR NOTES!!!

47. Artisans: Skilled workers made products such as weapons and jewelry that were traded with neighboring people Fish Hook Neolithic Pot Clay Figure

48. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution • The Neolithic agricultural revolution had far-reaching consequences. The dramatic changes that took place during this period led to further changes, affecting the way that people would live for thousands of years. For example, once people began settling in villages or towns, they saw the need to build houses for protection and other structures for the storage of goods. The organized communities stored food and other material goods, which encouraged the development of trade. The trading of goods caused people to begin specializing in certain crafts, and a division of labor developed.

49. The Neolithic agricultural revolution had far-reaching consequences. The dramatic changes that took place during this period led to further changes, affecting the way that people would live for thousands of years. As men took on more and more of the responsibility for obtaining food and protecting the settlement, they came to play a more dominant role, a basic pattern that would remain until our own times. 10. Consequences of Neolithic Revolution 11. men 12. women 10. organized communities, stored food and other material goods, began to trade, created labor division 11. became more active in farming and herding animals 12. stayed at home caring for children and weaving cloth, turning milk into cheese and performing other tasks that required much labor in one place

50. The end of the Neolithic Age and the Beginning of the Bronze Age • Between 4000 and 3000 B.C.E. new developments began to affect Neolithic towns in some areas. The use of metals marked a new level of control over the environment. Even before 4000 B.C.E. craftspeople had discovered that by heating metal-bearing rocks, they could turn metal into liquid. The liquid metal could then be cast in molds to make tools and weapons. Copper was the first to be used.