Welcome to the Yaskawa Training Café on: Application Overview: Centrifuge

1. Welcome to the Yaskawa Training Café on: Application Overview: Centrifuge Please help us make this Café enjoyable for all. Web Class Etiquette Tips : • Please don’t put us on “Hold”(others can hear the on-hold music) • Try not to use a speaker phone if possible (background noise can be heard by all) • Don’t be shy, we welcome comments and questions • Email us your question, if not answered during the Café to: training@yaskawa.com, or use the survey at the end of class Thank You

2. Application Overview Centrifuge

3. Theory of Operation - Centrifuge • What is the purpose of a centrifuge? • To separate substances of different densities using centrifugal force (Speed up the “settling” process) • The material to be separated is placed in a container, called a bowl or basket. • The material is spun at high speed, generating high "G" forces. • Heaviest particles are forced to the outside wall of the bowl while lighter particles are forced towards the center. • Collection of the separated materials has many different methods that can vary with centrifuge design.

4. Types of Centrifuges 1. Basket (Batch) Used to separate solids from liquids, where a screen or filter can be used. (Cyclic type operation) 2. Decanter (Horizontal or Vertical Bowl) Used to separate solids from liquids. (Continuous type operation) 3. Vertical Disc Used to separate solids from liquids and separate different density liquids. (Continuous type operation) Most centrifuges will fall into one of these three categories.

5. Basket Centrifuge

6. A Common “Basket Centrifuge”

7. Basket Centrifuge – Operation Centrifuge accelerates and slurry is fed into the basket. Centrifugal force drives the liquid through the perforated basket wall (and filter). Liquid drains and is pumped away Amount of solids on the basket wall is detected to determine when to start the next phase of the cycle. (Sometimes this is done based solely on time.) Filtration

8. Basket Centrifuge - Operation The material is sometimes washed then accelerated to drying speed.

9. Basket Centrifuge - Operation The basket is decelerated to a slow speed, and the solid material is “Plowed” out of the basket through openings in the bottom. • Plowing is achieved by slowing the basket (typically 50 RPM) and scraping the bowl surface with a "plow".

10. Basket Centrifuge – Application Data • Typical Cycle

11. Basket Centrifuge - Configuration

12. Basket Centrifuge – Other Uses • Sedimentation Sometimes a solid wall basket is used for solids which are very fine or have poor filtering characteristics. The slurry is driven to the basket wall. Liquid is forced over the top of the basket while the heavier solids are retained within.

13. Basket Centrifuge- Application Precautions • One drive and motor for the basket • Very high reflected inertia • Very high torque demand during the plowing cycle • Regeneration during deceleration • Dynamic Braking ( often > 10% duty cycle) • Regeneration Modules (RC5 & DC5) • Common Bus

14. Basket Centrifuge – Uses / Industries • Sugar Processing • Food Processing • Parts Cleaning

15. Decanter Centrifuge

16. Decanter Centrifuge - Two Main Types • Vertical • Horizontal

17. Decanter Centrifuge - Two Main Parts

18. Decanter Centrifuge - Operation Slurry enters into the center of the rotating screw conveyor and is discharged into the centrifuge through nozzles. 1

19. Decanter Centrifuge - Operation • Centrifugal force causes the material to separate. • The conveyor moves the solids to the tapered end where they are thrown out. • Clear fluid flows out the other end. 2 1 4 3

20. Horizontal Decanter Centrifuge - Configuration http://www.centrifuge.com/Training.htm

21. Decanter Centrifuge- Application Precautions • Two drives, one for the bowl and one for the back drive (scroll) • The bowl has a very high reflected inertia • The back drive is often in continuous regeneration, as it usually runs at a slower speed than the bowl, and is pulled along by the material in the bowl. • Torque limiting and torque feedback on the back drive is very important • Some configurations require zero-speed operation of the back drive (differential gearbox) • Common DC bus • Dynamic braking or regen modules if bowl is NOT driven by a drive, therefore common DC bus is not an option • Speed search feature often required for bowl and/or scroll

22. Decanter Centrifuge – Uses / Industries • Oil / Solids separation (oil well drilling, refining, de-watering) • Wastewater Treatment • Food Processing (Olive oil, wine, fruit juice) • Fish Processing (fish meal, fish oil)

23. Vertical Disc Centrifuge

24. Vertical Disc Centrifuge - Operation Typical Duty Cycle of Vertical Disc Centrifuge • Liquid or slurry enters into the top of the centrifuge. • The higher density solids get pinned against the outer bowl wall. • The lowest density liquids are forced through the discs and back out through the top. • Higher density liquids are retained in the space between the discs and the solids and can be piped out. A centrifuge of this type may also be known as a clarifier, purifier, or concentrator. 1 3 4 3 2 http://www.hutch-hayes.com/vertical_disc_applications.htm

25. Vertical Disc Centrifuge - Equipment

26. Vertical Disc Centrifuge- Shoot Cycle Animation • Some centrifuges of this type can momentarily split the outer bowl which “shoots” the solids out of the bowl. http://www.hutch-hayes.com/vertical_disc_applications.htm courtesy CONTEC 2004

27. Vertical Disc Centrifuge - Application Precautions • One drive for the discs and bowl. • Very high reflected inertia. • Instantaneous increase in load during a shoot cycle which results in a rapid slowing of bowl and discs. • Torque limiting may be useful to limit motor current and help recovery during a shoot cycle. • Speed search feature often required.

28. Vertical Disc Centrifuge - Uses / Industries • Dairy (Cream separators) • Food Processing (de-pulping of fruit juice, clarification of apple juice, wine clarification) • Marine (remove water from fuel / oil) • Offshore Oil (remove oil from water) • Environmental (remove oil from water) • Machine Tool (remove fine metallic particles from coolant)

29. Centrifuge - Benefits when Applying a Drive Standard motor can be used, eliminating specially designed "controlled torque" motor, hydraulic or mechanical drive. Operating speed can be adjusted for optimum performance. For decanter centrifuge, torque limiting provides protection of back drive & scroll. Dynamic braking and regeneration capability can eliminate or reduce size of mechanical brakes. For basket centrifuge, hydraulic motor along with required plumbing can be eliminated. Speed search improves recovery after a momentary power loss.

30. Centrifuge – Technical Details • Dynamic Braking Duty Cycle (deceleration) • Braking Torque Calculation (deceleration) Where: Wk2 = Moment Of Inertia reflected to the motor (lb-ft2)Δn = Change in motor speed (RPM) Δt = Required deceleration time (Seconds) Braking Torque will be in units of lb-ft

31. Centrifuge – Technical Details • RC5 Information 80% of rated power (Continuous) 100% of rated power (For 60 Seconds, 25% Duty Cycle) 150% of rated power (For 30 Seconds) Up to 100 HP @ 460V, 50 HP @ 230V Requires 2 reactors, fusing & MOV assembly • Common Bus Preliminary Information All drive power must come from a common breaker / disconnect To meet UL, all drives must have properly sized input fusing 3% input reactor may be required to force rectifier current sharing

32. OEM Centrifuge Products

33. United Oilfield Inc.is a western Canadian solids control company specializing in the manufacturing and rebuilding of centrifuges. The company is 100% Canadian owned and maintains its head office and manufacturing facility in Calgary, Alberta. Centrifuge – OEM Product The SS800 is primarily for use in the environmental waste management industry but has found applications in many other areas as well. It is ideal for abrasive, sandy conditions and environmental applications were larger abrasive solids require separation. The SS800 features an 18" x 28" (457mm x 711mm) stainless steel rotating assembly driven by a 60 HP Marathon Explosion Proof motor. Decanter Centrifuge- Combination Fluid Processing Unit Features • Has a rated flow capacity of 251 gallons per minute (950 litres per minute) • Capable of producing 2617 G's at 3200 rpm • Low amperage draw during start up and changes to rpm during operation mode due to Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) • Precision balanced auger and bowl assembly producing vibration free performance and longer operational service • VFD allows for speed changes of the centrifuge and feed pump during operation to achieve optimum performance • Available adjustable stand allows for proper operational centrifuge height that enhances solids and liquid gravity discharge • Stellite wear liners used in all high wear areas such as solids discharge ports and feed nozzles Controls • The F7 Yaskawa Variable Speed Drive • All controls are readily accessible to the operator • Integrated keypad LCD readout allows the operator to control the main drive, back drive and pump drive separately through a series of easy to usecommands and computer prompts • Individual gauges for speed and unit torque allow for easy monitoring • Drive is housed in a steel weather-proof cabinet and positioned for safe operator usage. Feed Pump • Heavy duty Gorman Rupp Pump • Centrifuge utilizes a 3" x 3", 20 HP Variable Speed Pump Drive specifically manufactured to deliver pre- selected volumes to the centrifuge.

34. Centrifuge – OEM Product Decanter Centrifuge- For High Solids Content Mars Tech Decanter Centrifuge Decanters centrifuges are suitable for higher solids content in the process feed material and are available for two phase or three phase liquid solid separation. Mars Tech offers decanter centrifuges for waste oil, oily waste, refinery tank bottom sludge, fish meal and fish oil, sludge dewatering, olive oil, wine and fruit juice, drilling mud, chemical slurries, industrial and biological wastewater. http://www.marstechusa.com/decanter.html Mars Tech Division of Kendale and Co., Inc. 216 Strawtown Road, New City, NY 10956

35. Vertical Disc Centrifuge MOPX 213 High Speed Disc Bowl Centrifuge oil purification Alfa Laval MAB 104 solids retaining centrifugal separator Alfa Laval MAB 103, MAB 104 centrifuge complete with feed/discharge pump and fittings for connection to a pre-heater http://www.marstechusa.com/mab100.html Mars Tech Division of Kendale and Co., Inc. 216 Strawtown Road, New City, NY 10956 Working Principle: Separation takes place in a solids-retaining bowl that can be arranged for either clarification or purification. In both cases, the contaminated oil is fed into the separator through the center and it is separated by centrifugal force into various phases. The heaviest phase (sludge and water) is forced outwards to the perimeter of the centrifuge bowl. The accumulated sludge is periodically removed from the bowl by hand.