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Where in the Cosmic Hierarchy is Amazon?

Delve into the complex realm of the Cosmic Hierarchy to understand where entities like Amazon stand. Explore issues of depersonalization, fraud, and empathic failure in online interactions. Discover the interplay between human behavior, crime, and evolving payment methods in a digital age. Hypothesize innovative solutions to combat online fraud by re-personalizing payment processes. Consider the implications of empathy, identity verification, and human interaction in the fight against cybercrime. Stay ahead with future technologies and countermeasures in a rapidly changing landscape.

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Where in the Cosmic Hierarchy is Amazon?

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  1. Where in the Cosmic Hierarchy is Amazon? Ross Anderson Cambridge

  2. To whom (or what) am I speaking? • Last year I was talking about human-computer interaction as ceremony • We heard yesterday about the role in folk psychology and moral reasoning of the Cosmic Hierarchy – God, angels, man, subhumans, beasts, inanimate matter … • Where in this hierarchy is Amazon, or other services with which I interact?

  3. Depersonalization and fraud • We have some literature and much folk experience on increased willingness to commit abuse online where the target’s personhood is less salient • Firms personalize operations of which they’re proud and depersonalize the shameful (so do liars) • British Crime Survey: a million people are victims each year of traditional acquisitive crime (burglary, car theft); modern variety (phishing, auctions, lottery scams) over twice that – and rising fast

  4. Vindictiveness too • Recent case: student defrauded professor of £18000 ($25000) and got 200 hours community service • The fraud was online, and they never met! • Had it been face-to-face, sentencing guidelines set the starting point at 3 years • There’s some literature here too (see Small and Loewenstein, ‘The devil you know: The effects of identifiability on punitiveness’) • The USA is different – McKinnon, O’Dwyer…

  5. A possible framework? • Simon Baron-Cohen’s new book ‘Zero Degrees of Empathy’ sets out a framework for understanding empathic failure in violent crime • Dispositional (psychopathy, narcissism, borderline) or situational (‘I just drove the train’) • Relevant to computer crime too (add Asperger’s) • Our sentencing guidelines may reflect a folk view that fraud is a breach of empathy, or victim categories of in-group and out-group, or whether the oxytocin system is involved

  6. Did we get it all wrong? • In the late 1980s/early 1990s several banks put photos on credit cards. This cut fraud • Sainsbury’s experiment: Kemp, Towell, Pike, “When Seeing should not be Believing: Photographs, Credit Cards and Fraud”, App Cog Psych 11 (1997) 211–222 • Checkout staff can’t tell if photo genuine • Banks went for chip-and-pin instead • Fraud reduction from photos dismissed as ‘placebo’ which would stop once crooks wised up

  7. Hypothesis • I hypothesize that we can cut fraud online by re-personalizing payment • I don’t know how far we have to go to get how much reduction • Is the hierarchy: CCN – + name – + address – + photo – + phone interaction – + video interaction – + human interaction a slope or a step? • If there’s an early point on the scale that gives most of the benefit, that could be hugely important

  8. Future payment page? Alessandro, you’re about to pay Ross $70. Are you still Alessandro? Password: ******

  9. Future payment page? Alessandro, you’re about to pay Ross $70. Are you still Alessandro? Password: ****** Enter your authorisation code: ****

  10. Related stuff / future leads • Growing literature on anthropomorphisation and robots • Personalisation and marketing / PR / propaganda / risk miscommunication • What other kinds of gaming and adversarial behaviour? • Countermeasures? • Counter-countermeasures?

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