UNIT 3: Biochemistry

1. UNIT 3: Biochemistry BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist

2. Organic Molecules • Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon • Carbon can form 4 bondswith atoms of other elements as well as with itself • Can form chains, branches and rings • Enormous variety of molecule shapes

3. Organic Molecules • C can also share pairs of electrons • Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules

4. Organic Molecules • Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule) • Dehydration synthesis builds polymer • Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down

5. What is dehydration synthesis? • Dehydration= remove water • Synthesis= putting it together • Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide

6. Hydrolysis • Opposite of dehydration synthesis • Separating disaccharide into two monosaccharide by adding water • Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose

7. Example • Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water

8. Classes of Organic Molecules Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

9. Carbohydrates

10. Carbohydrates • Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1C: 2H :1O Functions: • Major source of energy • Some are also used for structural support • Building block of a carb is a monosaccaride (simple sugar)

11. Carbohydrates • “single sugar,” building blocks • ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are isomers • Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula

12. Carbohydrates • Manycarbs are disaccarides ( 2 sugarslinkedbydehydrationsynthesis) • ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose) • Sucrose is table sugar • Lactose is milk sugar

13. Carbohydrates • Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as • short-term storage of energy • Starch: plants • Glycogen: animals • Cellulose: structural support in plants (wood)

14. Why are Carbs Important? • Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis

15. Lipids

16. Lipids • Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O. • Functions: • Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids • fats, oils, and waxes.

17. Lipids • Made up of fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids

18. Lipids- Glycerol Structure

19. Lipids-Fatty acids straight • long carbon chains, with a group at one end. carboxyl

20. Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid single • contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms. • _________ at room temperature, for example ____________. Solid butter

21. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid • contains at least one ________ bond between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ________. double Liquid oil

22. ________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms. Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

23. dehydration A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride).

24. Lipids • Trigylcerides (fats)- • energy storage • 3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol • Phospholipids-2 • Waxes • Steroids

25. Cholesterol: Good or Bad? The Good News: • Essential compound in making animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D. The Bad News • Can build-up in arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes

26. PROTEINS

27. III. Proteins: amino acids composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, O, N, and S atoms

28. A. Amino acids: 20 1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.

29. 2. Draw

30. Amino acids are linked through the dehydration reaction by ____________ to form ____________. peptide bonds polypeptides

31. Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged. This affects the ________ of the protein. structure

32. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: • Helixes or coils

33. Helix

34. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: • Helixes or coils • Pleated Sheets

35. Pleated Sheets

36. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: • Helixes or coils • Pleated Sheets • Globular

37. Globular Protein

38. structure C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as : • Temperature • pH

39. D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.

40. D. Functions structural support • Provide ________________ and ________________. Example: keratin and collagen 2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes building material chemical

41. D. Functions • Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin • Fight against _______: antibodies cells disease

42. IV. Nucleic Acids composed of a chain of ___________________. nucleotides

43. A. Nucleotide

44. a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G)

45. B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________. a. Nitrogenous bases pair up: • A and T • G and C proteins

47. C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins. a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine