TUTORIAL 4: MORPHOLOGY

1. TUTORIAL 4: MORPHOLOGY Jonathan Ng Chan Jun Wei Chan Shi Min Vera Yap ZhuoHongchao

2. Q1: • Syllables: rhythmic units of speech. • Sound(s) of the word • Morphemes: basic building blocks of words that carries meaning or function and cannot be decomposed any further. • Meaning of the word

3. Q1: • In order for rhyme/rime, the coda of the syllable must be the same for both words • Limericks focus on this because limericks need rhyme • Whereas, morpheme’s function is to indicate the meaning of a part of the word • E.g. “beard” & “feared” rhymes, • the root word of feared is ‘fear’ + the inflectional morpheme -ed to indicate past tense • Beard is just made up of one root word • E.g. “wren” & “hen” • Both end with –en, but –en is not used as a derivative or inflectional morpheme • Both words chosen on the basis of rhyme

4. Q1: So, even though words rhyme, that is they have the same coda, they need not end off with the same morpheme and/or the same function.

5. Q2a: Unbelievable Adj Af Adj (BASE) Af V Un- Believe -able (ROOT)

6. Q2b: Industrialisation N V (BASE) Af Af Adj (BASE) -ation N Af -ize Industry -ial (ROOT)

7. Q2c: Nuclear Physicist (ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDING) N Af N (BASE) Nuclear Physics -ist (ROOT)

8. Q2d: McCainiac N Af N -iac McCain (ROOT)

9. Q2e: Microwaveability N Adj (BASE) Af V V -ility (BASE) N -able N N wave Micro- (ROOT)

10. Q3(i):

11. Q3(ii):

12. Q4: A) Give the Japanese morphemes for the following English translations: ‘Open’ (ii) ‘Eat’ a. [tabeta] 'X ate Y.' b. [aketa] 'X opened Y.‘ Past Tense: Ta Open : Ake Eat : Tabe

13. (iii) passive marker (‘… beverb-ed, e.g., ‘They were opened/eaten.’) b. [aketa] 'X opened Y.‘ f. [akerareta] 'X was opened.' Passive marker: -rare-

14. (iv) Causative marker (‘… makeX verb, e.g., ‘Yosuke madeZechy study) i. [tabesasenai] 'X doesn't/won't make Y eat Z.' j. [tabenai] 'X doesn't/won't eat Y.' Causative marker: -sase-

15. (v) Non-past marker (present or future) g. [tabesaserareta] 'X was made to eat Y.' k. [tabesaserareru] 'X is/will be made to eat Y.' Past tense: -ta Non-past marker: -ru

16. (vi) Negative marker (the morpheme meaning ‟not“) a. [tabeta] 'X ate Y.' j. [tabenai] 'X doesn't/won't eat Y.' Past tense: -ta Negative marker: -nai

17. B) Suppose a Japanese verb form were to include the following sets of morphemes. For each set, indicate the order in which the morphemes would occur in a verb form. passive, root, past, causative Order: Root, Causative, Passive, Past Example: (g) [tabesaserareta] 'X was made to eat Y.'

18. B) Suppose a Japanese verb form were to include the following sets of morphemes. For each set, indicate the order in which the morphemes would occur in a verb form. (ii) causative, non-past, root Order: Root, Causative, Non-past Example: (k) [tabesaserareru] ‘X is/will be made to eat Y.’

19. B) Suppose a Japanese verb form were to include the following sets of morphemes. For each set, indicate the order in which the morphemes would occur in a verb form. (iii) root, negative, causative Order: Root, Causative, Negative Example: (i) [tabesasenai] 'X doesn't/won't make Y eat Z.'

20. (She) will (non-past marker)make (causative) (him) open (verb) (them) Ake-sase-ru (He) will (non-past marker)bemade (causative) to open(verb) (them) Ake-sase-rare-ru C) Give the Japanese verb form that would be used for each of the following English translations.

21. D) In Japanese, [uketa] means ‘(She) took (a test)’. Now, using this fact with what you’ve observed above, how would you say the following in Japanese? Don’t try to translate the items in parentheses. (She) will (non-past marker)bemade (causative) to take(verb) (a test) Uke-sase-rare-ta (She) makes (causative / non-past marker) (him) take (verb) (a test) Uke-sase-ru (She) will (non-past marker)not (negative)take (verb) (a test) Uke-nai

22. THE END Thank You