Design driven innovation: Current measurement practice and

1. Design driven innovation: Current measurement practice and recommendation for future innovation surveys Hugo Hollanders UNU-MERIT (Maastricht University) h.hollanders@maastrichtuniversity.nl Stefano Tarantola Joint Research Centre of the European Commission stefano.tarantola@jrc.ec.europa.eu SEE Thematic Workshop “Evaluating design and innovation policies” Florence, 10 and 11 May 2010

2. Importance of innovation • The Lisbon Strategyaimed to "make Europe, by 2010, the most competitive and the most dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world“ and emphasized the importance of innovation for improving Europe’s competitiveness • The new EUROPE 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth has singled out innovation as one of the key drivers that can get Europe out of the current crisis and also prepare its economy for the next decade • The European Innovation Scoreboard has been the main tool developed at the initiative of the European Commission, under the Lisbon Strategy, to provide a comparative assessment of the innovation performance of EU Member States

3. What is the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS)? Firm activity Enablers Outputs • The EIS is an annual benchmark of innovation performance across EU27. It tries to capture the capacity of Member States to generate innovative goods and services by looking at 29 innovation-related indicators categorised in three groups: Enablers, Firm activities and Outputs • Only publicly available data is used, for the most recent year, in most cases 2008

4. European Innovation Scoreboard – Approach • No theoretical model of innovation • Choice of indicators • Small set of indicators (29) • Balance across different aspects • Only indicators which are available for EU27 • Robust, time-series • Analysis • Maximise policy relevance • Summary headline indicator (one number) • Summary Innovation Index • Analysis by country groups, dynamics, country profiles • Exploratory thematic analysis

5. European Innovation Scoreboard – Methodology DIMENSIONS BLOCKS Human resource Enablers Finance and support Firm investments Summary Innovation Index Linkages & entrepreneurship Firm activities Throughputs Innovators Outputs Economic effects

6. EIS indicators (1) – Enablers • Human resources measures the availability of high-skilled and educated people • S&E and SSH graduates • S&E and SSH doctorate graduates • Population with tertiary education • Participation in life-long learning • Youth education attainment level • Finance and support measure the availability of finance for innovation projects and the support of governments for innovation activities • Public R&D expenditures • Venture capital • Private credit • Broadband access by firms

7. EIS indicators (2) – Firm activities • Firm investments covers a range of different investments needed to generate new products or processes as well as for introducing “softer” marketing and organisational innovations • Business R&D expenditures • IT expenditures • Non-R&D innovation expenditures • Linkages & entrepreneurship captures the entrepreneurial efforts and the related collaboration efforts among innovating firms and also with the public sector • SMEs innovating in-house • Innovative SMEs collaborating with others • Firm renewal • Public-private co-publications • Throughputs captures the IPR generated as a throughput in the innovation process and TBP flows • EPO patents • Community trademarks • Community designs • Technology Balance of Payments flow

8. EIS indicators (3) – Outputs • Innovators captures the success of innovation by the number of firms that have introduced innovations onto the market or within their organisations. It covers both technological and non-technological innovations • Technological (product/service/process) innovators • Non-technological (marketing/organisational) innovators • Resource efficiency innovators • Economic effects captures the economic success of innovation in employment, exports and sales due to innovation activities • Employment in medium-high & high-tech manufacturing • Employment in knowledge-intensive services • Medium and high-tech exports • Knowledge-intensive services exports • New-to-market sales • New-to-firm sales

9. Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, UK Innovation leaders Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovenia Innovation followers Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain Moderate innovators Bulgaria, Croatia, Latvia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey Catching up Innovation performance and convergence trends in innovation in the EU27 and other countries EU27 average growth rate in 2005-09 EU27 innovation performance in 2009

10. Role of design in the innovation process • “Creativity is defined … as the production of new ideas that are fit for a particular business purpose” (DTI, 2005) • “’Design is what links creativity and innovation. It shapes ideas to become practical and attractive propositions for users or customers. Design may be described as creativity deployed to a specific end” (Cox Review, 2005) • Creativity generates new ideas, design shapes ideas and innovation exploits ideas

11. Interactive model of innovation INTERACTIVE MODEL R&D Innovation Productivity Design LINEAR MODEL Creativity Business performance

12. EIS Thematic paper on measuring creativity, design and innovation • Exploratory • Groups indicators by creative climate, creativity and design, and innovation • What we did not try to do: • Is to measure creativity and design directly due to a lack of appropriate data • What we did do: • Is measure creativity and design indirectly • By using proxy indicators • To measure creativity and design at the country level, not at the individual level

13. Correlation results

14. Creativity and design drive innovation • Creativity and design are (strongly) related with innovation • Design activities correlate well with the EIS innovation dimensions, except for the indicator on the importance of design staff for innovation. Although more designers, more design applications, a more sophisticated production process and a more unique product design seem to have a positive effect on the degree of innovativeness, the relative importance of design staff decreases with countries’ increasing innovation performance • The indicators measuring Competitiveness in design correlate well with the EIS innovation dimensions, in particular the Value chain breadth and the Extent of branding. However, exports of product design correlate negatively with five innovation dimensions • Weakness of approach: use of proxy indicators due to a lack of indicators directly measuring creativity and design

15. Innobarometer: Importance of design staff for innovation

16. Innobarometer: Importance of design for innovation

17. Results from UK innovation survey • Bruce S. Tether (2009), “Design in Innovation, Coming out from the Shadow of R&D”, DIUS Research Report 09-12 • “[D]esign is a complementary asset to R&D and marketing in the innovation activities of firms” • “About a quarter of the innovation active firms in the UK … had engaged in design” • “About 40% of … ‘novel innovators’ had engaged in design” • “Firms that engaged in combinations of R&D, marketing and/or design were much more likely … to introduce product and/or process innovations” • “The median firm … spent … an average of 5% … on design, a proportion considerably lower than that spent on R&D (Intra-mural R&D = 18%; acquired R&D = 3%), on marketing (12%) on training (15%) or on acquired machinery, equipment or software (44%)”

18. Current practice of measuring innovation:Community Innovation Survey (CIS) • The CIS is a survey on innovation activity in European enterprises • The CIS is designed to obtain information on innovation activities within enterprises, as well as various aspects of the process such as the effects of innovation, sources of information used, costs etc. • The CIS is based on the Oslo Manual – 3rd edition from 2005 - which gives methodological guidelines and defines the innovation concept

19. Structure of CIS questionnaire I. Questions to determine if a firm is an innovator: • Product innovation • Process innovation II. If the firm is an innovator (has answered ‘yes’ to at least of the questions under I.) then it has to answer questions on: • Different types of innovation activities and expenditures for process and product innovations • Innovation objectives III. To be answered by all firms: • Organisational innovation • Marketing innovation

20. Design in the Oslo Manual • The CIS does not distinguish design from R&D or marketing activities: • “All design activities for the development and implementation of product innovations (including work on form and appearance) and of process innovations should be included either in R&D or in Other preparations for product and process innovations” • “Work related to changes in product design that are marketing innovations (and not product innovations, i.e. where the functional characteristics or intended uses of the product in question are not significantly improved) should be included in Preparations for marketing innovations”

21. Measuring design activities: discussion of recent developments • “When developing the CIS 2008, design was in the discussions but in the end dropped from the final version of the questionnaire” • Renewed discussions in 2009 to include questions on design in the 2010 CIS • Which questions to include?

22. UK innovation survey: questions on design

23. Company spending on design - Exploratory survey of UK firms 2008: recommended questions on design Presentation by Dr. James Moultrie for CIS Task Force meeting 23/10/09 Q6 During the period 200X to 200X, did this business engage in any of the following forms of design activity to support innovation? Y N • Technical design activity in the creation of new products and services • This might include the design of mechanical, electronic or software based items in physical goods, or the design of technology to enable services such as IT systems. This should not include scientific research. • User focused design activity in the creation of new products and services • This might include the design of the appearance, interface and ergonomics of physical products or software systems, or the design of the physical materials necessary to deliver a service not based on technology, including printed materials, user interfaces and documentation. • Promotional, communication, branding and identity design in the commercialisation of products, services and the firm • This might include the design of all promotional materials, advertisements, brochures, showrooms, exhibition stands, retail environments and point of sale materials. It also might include the design of logos, corporate identity, uniforms and business websites.

24. Company spending on design - Exploratory survey of UK firms 2008: recommended questions on design Presentation by Dr. James Moultrie for CIS Task Force meeting 23/10/09 Q7 For each of the design related activities in question 6, please ESTIMATE the amount of expenditure for the year 200X. Where precise figures are not available, best estimates are acceptable. • Technical design activity in the creation of new products and services ……………………………... • Include: cost of staff employed (e.g. mechanical engineers, electronic engineers, software engineers), cost of bought in design services from professional agencies. • Exclude: cost of scientific research (part of R&D expenditure) and capital expenditure • User focused design activity in the creation of new products and services …………………………….... • Include: cost of staff employed (e.g. industrial designers, interface designers, experience designers), cost of bought in design services from professional agencies • Exclude: capital expenditure • Promotional, communication, branding and identity design in the commercialisation of products, services and the firm ……………………. • Include: cost of staff employed (e.g. graphic designers, branding designers, identity designers), cost of bought in design services from professional agencies • Exclude: capital expenditure

25. Conclusions • Design is important for innovation • Innovation is well measured in the Community Innovation Survey • Design however is not well captured in the CIS • More detailed questions on design are needed in future versions of the CIS