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AP Statistics

AP Statistics. Chapter 7 – Random Variables. Random Variables. Random Variable A variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon. Discrete Random Variable Has a countable number of outcomes e.g. Number of boys in a family with 3 children (0, 1, 2, or 3).

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AP Statistics

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  1. AP Statistics Chapter 7 – Random Variables

  2. Random Variables • Random Variable • A variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon. • Discrete Random Variable • Has a countable number of outcomes • e.g. Number of boys in a family with 3 children • (0, 1, 2, or 3)

  3. Probability Distribution • Lists the values of a discrete random variable and their probabilities. Value of X: x1 x2 x3 x4 . . . .xk P(X) : p1p2 p3 p4. . . .pk

  4. Example of a Probability Distribution (Discrete RV) • X RV that counts the number of “Tails” in three tosses of a balanced coin. • X ______________________________________ • p(x)

  5. Continuous Random Variable • Takes on all values in an interval of numbers. • e.g. women’s heights • e.g. arm length • Probability Distribution for Continuous RV • Described by a density curve. • The probability of an event is the area under a density curve for a given interval. • e.g. a Normal Distribution

  6. Mean • The mean of a random variable is represented by , , etc. • The mean of X is often called the expected value of X.

  7. Mean Formula • For a discrete random variable with the distribution. • μx = ∑ (xi * pi ) X: x1 x2 x3 x4 . . . . xk P(X): p1 p2 p3 p4. . . . pk

  8. Variance/ Standard Deviation • The variance of a random variable is represented by σ2x • The standard deviation of a random variable is represented by σx. • For a discrete random variable: • σ2x = ∑(xi – μx)2 pi X: x1 x2 x3 x4 . . . . xk P(X): p1 p2 p3 p4. . . . pk

  9. Law of Large Numbers • As the sample size increases, the sample mean approaches the ________________________. • Holds true for _________________________. • Draw independent observations at random from any population with finite mean μ. • Decide how accurately you would like to estimate the mean μ. • As the number of observations drawn increases, the mean of the observed values eventually approaches the mean μ of the population as closely as you specified and then stays that close.

  10. Rules for means of Random Variables 1.μa+bx = a + bμx • If you perform a linear transformation on every data point, the mean will change according to the same formula. 2. μX + Y = μX+ μY • If you combine two variables into one distribution by adding or subtracting, the mean of the new distribution can be calculated using the same operation.

  11. Rules for variances of Random Variables 1. σ2a + bx = b2σ2x 2. σ2X + Y = σ2X + σ2Y σ2X - Y = σ2X + σ2Y • X and Y must be independent • Any linear combination of independent Normal random variables is also Normally distributed.

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