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Statistics 2

Statistics 2. Quantitative (Numerical) (measurements and counts). Qualitative (categorical) (define groups). Continuous. Discrete. Categorical (no idea of order). Ordinal (fall in natural order). We are only going to consider quantitative variables in this AS. Variables.

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Statistics 2

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  1. Statistics 2

  2. Quantitative (Numerical) (measurements and counts) Qualitative (categorical) (define groups) Continuous Discrete Categorical (no idea of order) Ordinal (fall in natural order) We are only going to consider quantitative variables in this AS Variables

  3. Discrete Many repeated values Age groups Marks Continuous Few repeated values Height Length Weight Quantitative

  4. Categorical Gender Religious denomination Blood types Sport’s numbers (e.g. He wears the number ‘8’ jersey) Ordinal Grades Places in a race (e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd) Qualitative

  5. Tally charts Stem and leaf plots Collecting data How we collect the data usually depends on what question we wish to answer.

  6. Tally chart • If we were asking people what they had for breakfast we might set up a table like this…

  7. Tally chart

  8. Tally Chart • We use a tally chart when data fits easily into categories.

  9. Stem and leaf plot • A stem and leaf plot sorts data that has few values the same.

  10. Example • The number of punnets of strawberries picked by Carol over a 17-day period. (This example is in your text book) • 65 73 86 90 99 106 45 92 94 102 107 107 99 83 101 91

  11. Example • Set up a ‘stem’ based on the fact that the numbers picked are between 40 and 110

  12. Example

  13. Example • The first number is 65 and the next is 73. • They are recorded like this

  14. Example

  15. Example

  16. Sort the data in order

  17. Lowest and highest values

  18. Median and quartiles

  19. Median and quartiles

  20. Median and quartiles • 5- number summary • Lowest = 45 • LQ = 84.5 • Median = 94 • UQ = 101.5 • Highest = 107

  21. Pictures that tell a story • Drawing a picture of our data. • Our data is discrete and hence a bar graph is an appropriate way of showing our ‘picture’.

  22. A bar graph

  23. A bar graph • We use a bar graph (spaces between bars) because we are dealing with discrete data (counted data, many repeated values)

  24. Bar graph • A bar graph gives us a picture of the data and we can easily see many features of our data.

  25. Bar graph • Lowest = 3 letters • Highest = 8 letters • Mode = 5 letters • The graph is approximately symmetrical and uni-modal (has only one mode)

  26. Bar graph • To find out how many were surveyed, you add the frequencies together.

  27. Pie graph • Each category makes up a certain percentage of the ‘pie’. • A pie graph does not tell us how many were in the data set. • You must be careful when comparing data from 2 pie graphs.

  28. Pie graph

  29. Pie graph

  30. Pie Graph • This also is an appropriate graph as it shows the relative numbers in each category. • It does not give us a lot of specific information like how many were surveyed or how many had 8 letters in their name.

  31. Box and Whisker plot • The box and whisker plot is a picture of the 5-number summary and it shows us where the cut-off is for every quarter of the data. • Again, the box and whisker plot does not tell us how many were in the sample just how the quarters were distributed.

  32. Box and Whisker plot

  33. Box and Whisker plot • This gives us a lot of information. • The lowest and highest values. • The median, upper and lower quartiles. • We also get a sense of how the data is distributed.

  34. Box and Whisker Plot • Box and whisker plots can also be used to compare two sets of data.

  35. Back to strawberry picking! • Who would you employ?

  36. Strawberry picking

  37. Comparing

  38. Comparing • Carol has the higher mean. • Dilip has the higher median. • Carol has the higher mode.

  39. Central tendency • Which central tendency is more useful in measuring the punnets picked overall?

  40. Comparing

  41. Comparing • Carol has the lower range. • Dilip has the lower interquartile range. • Carol’s lowest value is higher than Dilip’s. • Dilip’s highest value is higher than Carol’s.

  42. Spread • Which picker is more reliable?

  43. Back to the data

  44. Comparing using a picture

  45. Box and whisker

  46. Box and whisker • Overall they both picked roughly the same number of punnets. • Carol 1537 • Dilip 1532

  47. Box and whisker • The long tails on the box and whisker plots suggest outliers (extreme values). • 45 is a likely outlier for Carol and suggests she worked a half day. • 0 suggests that Dilip did not work on one of the days which would have pulled his mean value down. • 49 is also an outlier for Dilip suggesting he also worked half a day.

  48. Box and whisker • Dilip is more reliable as his spread as shown by the interquartile range is smaller. • (This is presuming he doesn’t just take days off when he wants to.)

  49. What not to do!!!

  50. No! No! No!- this is not a good idea!

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