The Baby’s First Year

1. The Baby’s First Year Physical Development

2. Learning Targets • I can…. • Identify the most important milestones of growth & development during a baby’s first year • Describe the structure of the brain & how it works • Describe methods for handling & feeding an infant • Indentify other skills involved in meeting an infants physical needs

3. As a Table… • You are to sketch a outline of a “typical” baby at birth and at one year. • Compare and discuss your sketches with the table next to you • Read the story on page 249 about Jason and Brett. • While reading, identify Jason’s needs that Brett is meeting??

4. Growth & Development • Development – sequence (step-by-step) • Three basic patterns • Head to Foot • Begins long before birth • Baby’s head takes lead in development • Head – arms & hands – legs & feet • Near to Far • Starts close to body & moves outward • Waves arms, hand – finger control • Simple to Complex • Large muscle – small muscle • Torso – upper body

5. Influences on Growth & Development • Typically, babies follow the same pattern, they do so at their own rate • Terms are used interchangeably, but they are not the same thing • Growth – changes in size, weight & length • Development – increases & changes in physical, social or intellectual skills

6. Influences on Growth & Development • Both heredity (nature) & environment (nurture) • Developmental milestone – a key skill used to check a child’s progress

7. Growth & Development during the 1st year • Typically triple birth weight • Usually increase length by about 50% • Growth chart– shows the average weight & height of boys & girls at various ages • Few match –remember they grow at own rate • Dr. watches for a steady pattern of growth

8. Weight • Weight gains – one of the best signs of good health • Most lose about 10% of their birth weight in the first five days • After they begin to gain weight rapidly • 1st 6 months = gain 1 – 2 lbs/month • 2nd 6 months = 1 lb • Average weight 1 year old = 20 – 22 lbs • Boys typically weight more than girls

9. Length • Length rather than height b/c they are measured lying down • Steadily grow in length due to bone growth is rapid • Average newborn – 20 in” – 30” • Heredity – strong influence • Boys slightly longer than girls

10. Body Shape • Tend to hold themselves in a tightly curled position w/fist clenched, legs bent, & feet curved inward • Head may have a elongated shape (child birth) • Arms & legs skinny • Abdomen – large • Umbilical cord stump – dries up & drops off in 3 weeks revealing navel • Legs & feet straighten out 6 months

11. Proportion • Refers to the size relationship between the parts of the body • Compared to body – head & abdomen – large • Legs & arms – short and small • Baby’s head grows rapidly to accommodate (make room for) the swiftly developing brain • skull – spaces called “fontanels”

12. Sight/Vision • Improves rapidly, 1st blurry • Within week – focus on objects that are 7 -10 in” away • 1 mo. – three feet • 6 mos – eyesight reaches the clarity & sharpness of the adult level • At 1st, babies see world in 2 dimensions • Depth perception – ability to perceive objects that are three-dimensional 2nd mo • Patterns & colors • High contrast –alternating stripes, bull’s eye or faces • Color red or blue • Hand-eye coordination – ability to move their hands & fingers precisely in relation to what is seen • Reach for objects 3 mo – important milestone

13. On a Sheet of Paper .. • Draw what would be best for an infant

14. QUESTIONS??? • By age 1, infants _____________ their weight. • By age 1, infants increase their length by __________. • Describe the body shape of an infant. • What is a developmental milestone? • What do infants like to look at? • Don’t forget about your mobiles on Monday

15. Hearing • Develops before birth • Full term baby – tell general direction • Newborns respond to tone of voice, not words • 7 mos – recognize parents & caregivers by voice • Language development begins with hearing words first, then imitating – understanding • Premature & infections = hearing problems – language development delay

16. Smell & Taste • Surrounded by amniotic fluid before arrival – sense of smell does not develop until after birth • Develops quickly • 10 days – know mommy by smell • Taste – quickly • 2 weeks – can taste the difference • Learn by using their mouths • Put everything in there!! • Clean, not sharp, not too small

17. Reading!!!! • Little Developing Child Book • Page 255 – 257 • Complete Questions 1-7 on page 257 • Big Developing Child Book • Page 232—236 • Complete Questions 1-7 page 237

18. Complete Worksheet • Quiz in on the table • Both worksheets will go into your notebook • After the worksheet we will go over the answers to quiz 8.1 • We will go over the answers to quiz 8.3 tomorrow!

19. Handling & Feeding Infants • I can… • Explain how to hold and feed a baby • Identify an infant’s nutritional needs

20. Handling a Baby • Infants need to be moved & held for different reasons • Remember when you hold an infant, you have the chance to strengthen your bond & to help the baby feel secure & happy!!! • Require greatest care – neck muscles cannot support their head • Must keep your hand/arm under neck & head at all times.

21. Lifting a Newborn Slide one hand under the baby’s buttocks and the other under the shoulders & head. Use your forearm to support the neck & head as you raise your hands together to lift the new born.

22. Holding a newborn in your arm • Hold the baby upright, cradled in the curve of your arm. Your arms supports the baby’s head & neck, and you can easily maintain eye contact w/the baby

23. Holding a newborn against your chest • Hold the baby against your chest , so that the baby faces – or peeks over – your shoulder. Use your hand to support the baby’s neck & hand.

24. Questions • Name the 3 patterns of physical development • Define: • Hand-eye coordination • Depth perception • Never __________ a baby. • True or false: Brain developments begins at birth • True or false: Weight is most influenced by heredity

25. Putting a Newborn Down • Continue to support both the neck and head and the body. Bend over, keeping the baby close to your body until the baby’s body is resting on a surface that can support his or her body. Then remove your arms.

26. Gentle Handling • Never shake or jiggle • Thousands of babies each year suffer from shaken baby syndrome - caused when someone severely shakes the baby (stop crying) • Damage to brain, learning problems, mental retardation, blindness, deafness, death

27. When a baby cries = frustration • Put the baby down in safe place – go to a different room – calm down before returning • Ask friend/relative to take care of the baby • Take deep breaths – look at the window • Call someone and talk about problem until you calm down

28. Feeding a Baby • More than physical nourishment • Contact w/others • Learn more about the world

29. Feeding Schedules • Newborn’s feeding & sleeping schedule unpredictable at first • Newborns need to eat as much as they want & as often • Feedings are necessary b/c a newborns stomach can hold only small amounts • Breast fed babies eat more often • 2nd – 3rd month – regular pattern emerges • About 12 lbs – babies can sleep thru night

30. Feeding Methods • 1st year – breast milk or formula • Not cow’s milk – too hard for them to digest, contains minerals their kidneys cannot process • Formula w/cow’s milk acceptable

31. Feeding from the Bottle • Hold the baby close in a semi-upright position • Neck & head supported • Head well above the stomach • Hold bottle at angle • Baby can suck comfortably & less air • Warm bottle – not necessary • Warm it – place in pan of water on stove until lukewarm

32. Feeding • Check temperature on wrist – lukewarm • Never heat in the microwave • Formula left in bottle – throw it away • Bacteria can grow quickly • Feeding bottle should be sterilized • Never lead a bottle propped up so baby drinks alone • Healthy babies usually eat the amount they need

33. Burping the Baby • No matter the method, burp the baby as least twice – once during feeding & once when the feeding is over • Breast feeding – burp during the switch from one breast to the other • Why must you burp the baby? • They swallow air along with the liquid • Discomfort • Don’t be surprise if the baby doesn’t burp

34. Small Group Activity (Group of 2) • You are to prepare a cartoon strip titled “Things to Do When Bottle-Feeding Your Baby” • Content of strip • How to prepare formula • How to hold the baby during feeding • How & why to burp the baby • Be creative!!

35. Introducing New Foods • Around 6 months other foods will be added • Pediatrician will recommend when to introduce “solid” foods • Most babies = no rush • Choose a time when baby is happy, content and well

36. Introducing New Foods • B/c the food the unfamiliar – spit back the first spoonfuls • Introduce it later or combine it with a favorite • PATIENCE

37. Introducing New Foods Tips • Hold baby in an upright position • If baby is used to lukewarm formula – heat solid foods to lukewarm • NEVER use the microwave • Be prepared for messy feedings • Cereal – running, dilute with formula or breast milk – NEVER put in bottle = choke • Do not feed baby from the jar. (Bacteria) Put small amount in bowl and refrigerate leftover immediately

38. Read page 273 – Ask the Expert • Answer questions 1 & 2 • At your table, decide on ways to prepare homemade baby food. • Be prepared to share group findings.

39. Think about.. • Your reactions to food (cereals, vegetables, fruits) • Do you think babies would have the same response??? Why or why not? • List types of fruits and vegetables that could be mashed and served as one of a baby’s first solid foods

40. Weaning • Changing from drinking from the bottle or breast to a drinking from a cup • Important sign of the baby’s increasing independence • No precise age, 9 months – common • Usually baby will show signs • Playing or looking around, pushing away, likes to eat from a spoon • Do not force – other feeding & behavior problems

41. Self-feeding • Sit up steadily (8 – 10 months) baby will show signs • eat with fingers & reach for spoon • 1st – fun more baby, but not much eating will take place • you – help out – separate spoons, placing food in baby’s mouth • PATIENCE & humor • Encourage

42. What do you think • Mashed bananas • Hot dogs • Grapes • Peanuts • Small cereal pieces • Which foods do you think are appropriate for a baby to self feed

43. Read page 275 – Self-Feeding Safely • Answer follow up questions 1 & 2

44. Nutritional Concerns • Your responsibility = making sure baby’s nutritional needs are being met • Problems = too much food, too little food or the wrong kinds of foods

45. Overfeeding • As they gain weight – they may look fat • Most will slim down by age three • Bottle fed more likely to be overfed • Worried talk to pediatrician • Healthy eating habits – established early in life • Small nutritious foods – smaller portions • MyPlate

46. Inadequate Nutrition • Infants = very specific nutritional needs • Enough calories = rapid growth • Nutrient rich foods • Food that is easy to digest • Adequate amounts of liquid

47. What are some causes of inadequate nutrition?

48. Inadequate Nutrition • Can cause lasting physical problems • Linked to poor brain development & learning problems • Many government & community programs help to eliminate malnutrion • WIC – Women, Infants & Children program

49. Do you know the signs • Growth = below average • Nervous or irritable behavior • Wounds that are slow to heal • Hair = thin, dull, lifeless, easy to pull out • Swollen eyelids • Poor posture • Poor coordination • Diarrhea

50. Tomorrow • You are to research commercial baby food.