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Combinations

Chapter 7 Combinatorics. 7.3. Combinations. 7.3. 1. MATHPOWER TM 12, WESTERN EDITION. Combinations. A combination is a selection of a group of objects taken from a larger pool for which the kinds of objects selected is of importance but not the order in which they were selected.

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Combinations

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  1. Chapter 7 Combinatorics 7.3 Combinations 7.3.1 MATHPOWERTM 12, WESTERN EDITION

  2. Combinations A combination is a selection of a group of objects taken from a larger pool for which the kinds of objects selected is of importance but not the order in which they were selected. How many arrangements are there for the letters ABC? ABC ACB BCA BAC CAB CBA When the order of the letters is important there are six distinct arrangements or permutations. However, if order is not important and all you wanted was a grouping of ABC, there is only one way, or one combination. When order matters, you have permutations. When order does not matter, you have combinations. The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is: 7.3.2

  3. Finding the Number of Combinations 1. Evaluate the following. a) b)3C2 + 5C3 = 35 = 13 • A committee of four students is to be selected from a group of • ten students. In how many ways can this be done? 10C4 = 210 The committee of four can be selected in 210 ways. 7.3.3

  4. Finding the Number of Combinations • A company is hiring people to fill five identical positions. • a) There are 12 applicants. How many ways can the five • positions be filled? The company can fill the five positions 792 ways. 12C5 (The number of combinations of 12 taken 5 at a time is 792). = 792 b) The company wants to hire Applicant A and any four of the others. How many ways can the five positions be filled now? With the selection of Applicant A and four others, there are now only 330 ways to fill the positions. 1C1x11C4 = 330 c) The president’s daughter is among the 12 applicants and must be hired along with Applicant A. How many ways can the positions be filled now? With the selection of Applicant A, the president’s daughter, and any 3 others, there are now only 120 ways to fill the positions. 2C2x10C3 = 120 7.3.4

  5. Finding the Number of Combinations 4. There are seven books to choose from. a) How many ways can five or more books be selected? Select 5 or 6 or 7: There are 29 ways to select 5 or more books. 7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7 = 21 + 7 + 1 = 29 b) If zero to seven books are to be selected, how many ways could this be done? 7C0 + 7C1 + 7C2 + 7C3 + 7C4 + 7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7 = 128 Alternative Strategy: To find the number of ways of selecting from 0 to n objects, use 2n. 27 = 128 • How many ways can one or more • of five different toys be selected? There are 31 ways to select 1 to 5 toys from a total of five different toys. 2n - 5C0 = 25 - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31 7.3.5

  6. Finding the Number of Combinations 6. There are seven women and five men applying for four positions with a company. The hiring committee wants to hire at least one woman. How many different ways can the four positions be filled? or, 3 women and 1 man 1 woman and 3 men or, 4 women and 0 men or, 2 women and 2 men (7C1 x5C3) = 490 + (7C2 x5C2) +(7C3 x5C1) + (7C4 x5C0) The four positions can be filled 490 different ways. Alternative Strategy: Take the total number of combinations and subtract the combinations containing no women: 12C4 - 5C4 = 490 7.3.6

  7. Finding the Number of Combinations 7. There are ten different pictures. How many ways can seven or more be selected? 10C7 + 10C8 + 10C9 + 10C10 = 176 • How many ways can a girl choose one or • more of ten different desserts? 210 - 10C0 = 1023 9. A math class has 18 male students and 19 female students. A committee of four males and three females is to be selected. How many ways can this be done? 18C4x19C3 = 2 965 140 7.3.7

  8. Finding the Number of Combinations 10. A math class has 18 male students and 19 female students. A committee of seven is to be selected. How many ways can this be done, if there must be at least one female on the committee? 37C7-18C7 x19C0 = 10 263 648 11. A committee of six is to be chosen from three girls and seven boys. Two particular boys must be on the committee. Find the number of ways of selecting the committee. 2C2 x8C4 = 70 • How many five-card hands can be dealt • from a standard deck of 52 cards if: • a) each hand must contain two aces? • b) each hand must contain three red cards? 4C2 x48C3 = 103 776 26C3 x26C2 = 845 000 7.3.8

  9. Finding the Number of Combinations 13. There are eight points in a coordinate plane and no three points are collinear. a) How many line segments can be drawn? 8C2 = 28 b) How many triangles can be drawn? = 56 8C3 c) How many quadrilaterals can be drawn? = 70 8C4 14.a) How many diagonals in a pentagon? in an octagon? = 5 = 20 Pentagon:5C2 - 5 Octagon:8C2 - 8 b) How many diagonals in an n-sided polygon? nC2 - n 7.3.9

  10. Solving Combinations 1. A basketball league has eight teams. Each team must play each other team four times during the season. How many games must be scheduled? 8C2x 4 = 112 112 games must be scheduled. 2. Solve the equation nC2 = 10 for n. nC2 = 10 n2 - n = 20 n2 - n - 20 = 0 (n - 5)(n + 4) = 0 n = 5 or n = -4 Therefore, n = 5. 7.3.10

  11. Solving Combinations 3.a) Show that 10C4 = 10C6. 10C4 = 10C6 Therefore, 10C4 = 10C6. 210 = 210 b) Show that nCr = nC(n - r). Therefore, nCr = nC(n - r). 14C5 = 14Cn n = 9 Solve: nC5 = nC7 n = 12 7.3.11

  12. Assignment Suggested Questions Pages 348 and 349 A 1-14, 15 ab, 16, 17 B 18-23 7.3.12

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