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ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps

ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps. Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne.

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ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps

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  1. ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne

  2. Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures • Wireless Mobile Networking: An Introduction • Infrastructure Network Topology • Ad Hoc Network Topology • Mobile Communication Infrastructures • 1G • 2G • 2.5G • 3G • Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) Device Management

  3. Cellular Phone System • List of Mobile Network Operators, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators

  4. Mobile Network Operators • T-Mobile (Germany) • GMS, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) • Cingular (U.S.) • GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (TDMA) • Verizon (U.S.) • CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized data standard) • Sprint/Nextel (U.S.) • CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO, iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network)

  5. Wireless Mobile Networking • Infrastructure Network Topology • Fixed infrastructure with Wide Area Network coverage • Mobile ↔ Mobile devices • Mobile ↔ Fixed Computer Node • Mobile device ↔ Servers

  6. Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.) • Infrastructure Network Topology (WAN Access) • Fiber-to-the-House, Cable Modem, DSL, Dial-up • Wireless Access Points/Routers • Wired Routers • LAN, WLAN, WiMAX

  7. Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.) • Ad Hoc Network Topology • Single-Hop Peer-to-Peer • Multi-hop Ad Hoc Network

  8. Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.) • Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols • RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626 • RFC3684 • MANET Charter, http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html, http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/05mar/manet.html • MANET Internet Drafts, http://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.html, http://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.html • National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects, http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/manet.html • OPNET – MANET Discrete Event Simulation, http://www.opnet.com/products/library/MANET.html

  9. Mobile Communication Infrastructures • Mobile Communication Infrastructures • 1G Analog FM • 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) • 2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-switched connection • GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data packet service on GSM network) • EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384 Kbps) • Support WAP, search, directory services, etc • 3G

  10. The Mobile Telephone System • 1 G Mobile Phone • Analog voice • 2 Generation Mobile Phone • 2.5 G • 3 G • Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS

  11. 1st Generation Cellular Phone System • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) • Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982 • Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) • ISM 800-MHz band • Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band) • Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band) • Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz) • Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal • No of Channels • 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers • Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for voice • Frequency Reuse Factor • Reuse factor 7 • 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell • In England – TACS • In Japan – MCS-L1

  12. 1st Generation Cellular Phone System • Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982 • Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) • ISM 800-MHz band • Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band) • Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band) • Voice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulation • Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal • No of Channels • 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers • Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for voice • Frequency Reuse Factor • Reuse factor 7 • 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell • In England – TACS • In Japan – MCS-L1

  13. 2nd Generation Cellular Telephone System • D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) • IS-136 • TDMA-FDMA • GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication) • TDMA-FDMA • IS-95 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) • CDMA-FDMA

  14. Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System (D-AMTS) • Cells – geographic regions • AMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km across • D-AMPS Cells – Smaller • Each cell uses some set of frequencies not used by any of its neighbors

  15. D-AMPS • D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) • Backward compatible with AMPS: FDMA • IS-54 (Interim standard 54) • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136 • Added to each sub-band • Triple the no. of channels • ISM 800 MHz band • 824-849 MHz range: Base station → Cellular phone (forward channels) • 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station (reverse channels)

  16. D-AMPS (continue) • Voice Signal Digitization • Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and compression • 3 kHz → PCM Digitized →7.95 kbps digital voice channel • TDMA • 1 slot – 7.95 kbps • 3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps • Combined using TDMA • TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]

  17. D-AMPS (continue) • Digitized Voice Signal Transmission • 25 frames per second • 1944 bits per frame • Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6 slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 1 2 3] • Each channel: 2 slots • 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits control, 101-bits for error correction • QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying) • 48.6 kbps → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog signal • FDMA • 25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal • Reuse Factor 7

  18. GMS • GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication) • Digital mobile telephony system launched in Finland in 1991 • TDMA, Digitize and compress data • 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band • SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) • Capture 82.4% of all global mobile connection • Widely used in Europe and Asia

  19. GMS (continue) • Bands • 25 MHz band • 124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands • Transmission • Voice channel → Digitize + Compress → 13-kbps digital signal • 1 slot = 156.25 bit • 1 Frame (TDMA) = 8 slots; frame duration 120 ms • A Multi-frame = 26 frames (TDMA) = 270.8 kbps • 26 frames = 24 traffic frames + 2 control frames • 270.8 kbps → GMSK → 200 kHz signal (FDMA) • Reuse Factor 3

  20. IS-95 CDMA • Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) • Wireless Communications, Chapter Network Concepts and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, Springer, http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q456568245556/ • Bands and Channels • Duplex using two bands • ISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHz • 20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands • 10 channels for each provider • Can be used in parallel with AMPS • 1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)

  21. IS-95 CDMA (cont.) • Base Channel Synchronization • Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System) • Forward Transmission (base to mobile) • 64 Digital Channels (3 kHz each) • Voice 3 kHz → 9.6 kbps → Error-correcting & repeating bits → 19.2 kbps • Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) + 242 pseudo random chip → Decimator (1 out of 64 bits) • 64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA • 1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps • QPSK → 1.228 MHz • 25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA • Channel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit sync • Ch 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devices • Ch 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channels • Ch 32: give info about the system

  22. IS-95 CDMA (cont.) • Reverse Transmission (Mobile to Base) • 3 kHz Voice → Digitizer → 9.6 kbps → Error correcting & repetition → 28.8 kbps → 6-symbol chuck, 0-64, Symbol Modification → 307.2 kbps = (28.8/6) x 64 • ESN → Long Code Generator 42-bit → 1.228 Mcps • DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) • 94 Channels • 62 Traffic channels • 32 Base station access control channels • 1.28 Mcps → QPSK → 1.228 MHz • FDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHz

  23. IS-95 CDMA (cont.) • Two Data Rate Sets • Frequency Reuse Factor • Interference from neighboring cells • Reuse factor 1 • Soft Handoff • Every base station → Pilot channel broadcast • Enable a mobile station to do a soft handoff

  24. Signal Modulation Techniques • Mobile Communication Infrastructures • 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) • 2G TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) + FDMA • Digital Wireless Transmission Techniques • Impulse transmission • Infrared Pulse Transmission • UWB (Ultra Wideband), impulse radio • TDMA Cellular • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Spread Spectrum

  25. Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.) • Analog Modulation • Frequency Modulation (FM) • Digital Frequency Modulation • Digital (0, 1) FM – Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) • GMSK (Guaussian Minimum Shift Keying) • FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of 1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols • Data In → Gaussian Filter → FM modulator • Adopted by GMS

  26. Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.) • Digital Phase Modulation (PSK) • B-PSK (Binary Phase Modulation) • [0, 1] – (cos2π fc t + 0º), (cos2π fc t + 180º)

  27. Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.) • Digital Phase Modulation (PSK) • QPSK (Quadrature PSK, 4 Phases) • 11 – (cos2π fc t + 45º) • 01 - (cos2π fc t + 135º) • 00 – (cos2π fc t + 225º) or (cos2π fc t -135º) • 11 - (cos2π fc t + 315º) or (cos2π fc t - 45º)

  28. Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.) • π/4-QPSK – adopted by the North American TDMA digital cellular standard, IS-136 • Two identical constellation – rotated by 45º or π/4 radians

  29. Frequency Reuse Factor 4

  30. Frequency Reuse Factor 7

  31. SIMO and MIMO Channels • SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Radio Channel • Complex receiver with adaptive smart antenna with M antenna elements • MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Radio Channel • N mobile antenna elements • M base station antenna elements

  32. 3rd Generation Technologies • A Combination of Technologies • Audio and Video • VoIP • Still & Moving Images • Digital Data • UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service) • Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Internet Surfing • Video telephony, Video conferencing • Always connected infrastructure

  33. 3rd Generation Technologies • IMT-2000 (Internet Mobile Communication 2000) • Voice quality (public telephone network) • Data rate • 144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle • 384 kbps for access as the user walks • 2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home) • Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data services • 2 GHz band • 2 MHz Bandwidth • Interface to Internet

  34. 3rd Generation Technologies • IMT-2000 Radio Interface • IMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMA • Wideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMA • Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95 • IMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMA • CDMA 2000 • New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band (1.25 MHz) CDMA of I-95 • IMT-TC (Time Code): CDMA & TDMA • IMT-SC (Single Carrier): TDMA • IMT-FT (Frequency time): TDMA & FDMA • CDMA2000 • Code Division Multiple Access • Pioneered by Qualcomm

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