Do Now

1. Do Now • How would you define an “unjust” government? • What, if anything, would lead you to take part in a violent revolution?

2. Chapter 23 The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914

3. The Old Order • The Old Regime (Ancien Régime) -People of France divided into three estates 1). The First Estate (Clergy) 2). The Second Estate (Nobility) 3). The Third Estate (Middle and lower classes) -*The middle class was known as the bourgeoisie

4. Forces of Change • Growing resentment of third estate • Enlightenment ideas -Inspired by success of American Revolution -Question long-standing structure of society • Economic troubles -Heavy tax burden -Grain shortages (Price increase) -Debt • Weak Leadership -Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette -Paid little attention to government

5. Dawn of Revolution • Estates-General -Assembly of representatives from all estates -Each estate had one vote -Third estate wants each delegate to vote • National Assembly (June 1789) -Body of delegates from Third estate • Tennis Court Oath -Oath to stay until they wrote constitution -Stations mercenaries around Versailles

6. Storming the Bastille • Rumors -Louis would use military force or foreign troops would invade city -People arm themselves • July 14, 1789 -Mob storms Bastille (prison) and seize control -Storehouse for gunpowder and weapons -Symbolic of royal abuse of power

7. The Storming of the Bastille

8. The Great Fear • Rebellion -Spreads from Paris to countryside • Great Fear -Wave of panic -Peasants broke into nobles’ homes and destroyed feudal papers • Factions -Paris divided between moderates and radicals

9. Do Now: 1). Which of the following statements concerning the political philosophy of Enlightenment thinkers is most accurate? A). Enlightenment philosophies were creatures of the monarchs who were their patrons and supported the powers of the kings. B). Although the Enlightenment philosophers were generally opposed to the authority of the church, they argued that only monarchy could insure stability for the masses. C). Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege. D). Enlightenment intellectuals were the firmest supporters of the church left in European culture. 2). Which of the following was a cause of the French Revolution? A). The middle class demand for greater political representation B). The continued influence of the Protestant clergy at the French court C). Enlightenment endorsement of absolute monarchy D). French territorial additions during the French and Indian Wars

10. The Assembly Reforms France • August 1789 -Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité -National Assembly abolishes feudal obligations -Commoners equal to nobles & clergy • Declaration of the Rights of Man -Statement of revolutionary ideals -Guarantees freedoms and rights • Women and Reform -Women disappointed that it didn’t grant equality -Olympe de Gouges (1791) -Declaration of Rights of Woman -Later executed as enemy of state

11. Continued • Church -National Assembly puts church under control of state -Took control of Church lands (Sold) -Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Clergy became elected and salaried officials -Alarms many peasants

12. New Government • Constitution (1791) -Set up limited monarchy -Created a legislative assembly -Make laws, collect taxes, decide on war • Bread Riots -Women riot over rising price of bread -Louis and Marie ordered to leave Versailles -Ushers in radical phase

13. Divisions Develop • Leg. Assembly splits -Moderates, Conservatives, Radicals • Emigrés: Nobles that left France, but wanted to restore monarchy • Sans-culottes: Members of low class that wanted a republic • Jacobins: Lawyers and intellectuals; wrote pamphlets

14. War & New Government • Austria and Prussia want restored monarchy -Leg. Assembly declares war (1792) -Extend war to Low Countries, Italy, and Germany -Set aside constitution and form National Convention -France declared republic • Jacobins -Tried Louis XVI for treason -Beheaded by guillotine (1793)

15. The Radical Phase • Maximilien Robespierre -Jacobin leader -Create “republic of virtue” by eliminating all political opponents -Committee of Public Safety (Rules as dictator) -40,000 deaths • End of Terror -National Convention arrests and executes -1795: Moderates draft new gov’t -Bi-cameral legislature and 5-man directory

16. Do Now: “From that moment, I foresaw what I might be. Already I felt the earth flee from beneath me as if I was being carried into the sky.” • Based on the quotation, what type of ruler might Napoleon become? Explain.

17. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • Napoleon (1769-1821) -Military leader and hero -1799: Seize government in a coupd’état (Violent overthrow by small group) -1800: Pretend to create republic -Plebiscite (vote of people) on new constitution; popular authoritarianism • Improve economy, est. lycées (schools), signs concordat with pope.

18. Napoleonic Code and a New Empire • Napoleonic Code -Comprehensive law system -Limits rights of individual • Emperor -1804: Napoleon declares himself emperor -Loses territories in North America; Louisiana Purchase -Wanted to expand in Europe -Loses Battle of Trafalgar (1805) -Ensures British naval superiority

20. Continued • Most of Europe under Napoleon’s control -Puppet regimes -Loosely tied to Russia, Prussia, and Austria via alliances • Mistakes -1806: Napoleon sets up blockade against Great Britain -Continental system: Continent more self-sufficient; ruin Great Britain’s economy -Disregarded or evaded; Britain responds with own blockade

21. “Little Johnny Bull”-England waves a sword at Napoleon as the emperor straddles the world

22. Do Now: 1). Which of the following was NOT a liberal gain confirmed by Napoleon Bonaparte? • universal manhood suffrage • legal equality for men • centralized system of secondary schools and universities • religious freedom 2). Napoleon’s rise to power marked another modern form of government called • Popular sovereignty • Enlightened despotism • Popular authoritarianism • Republicanism

23. Invasion of Russia • 1812: Russia refuses to stop selling grain to Great Britain -Napoleon invades Russia (Army of 420,000) -Russians used “scorched earth” policy -Retreating soldiers burned crops and killed livestock -Retreat from Moscow

24. Napoleon’s Downfall • Europe declares war -Defeated in 1813 in Leipzig -Surrender in 1814 -Exiled to Elba • Hundred Days -Louis XVII assumes power -Napoleon escapes and returns -Europe assembles armies in response -Napoleon defeated at Waterloo -Die in exile

25. Congress of Vienna • Congress of Vienna -Meetings to restore stability to Europe • Klemens von Metternich -Austrian Foreign Minister -3 goals: 1). Prevent French aggression (containment) 2). Restore balance of power 3). Restore royal families to thrones (legitimacy) *Lasting peace for 40 years* http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome01/index.php

26. Political Ideology and Change • Conservatives -Restoration of monarchy and link Europe’s powers in defense of churches and kings • Liberals -Limit state interference and representation of propertied people; constitutional rule and freedoms • Radicals -Want wider voting rights, outright democracy, social reforms for lower classes • Congress of Vienna -Victory for conservatives

27. Continued • Holy Alliance -Russia, Austria, & Prussia sign agreement to combat revolutionaries • Concert of Europe -Series of alliances; ensure help if revolution broke out • Long-Term Effects -France’s power and size diminish; Great Britain and Prussia increase -Spread of nationalism -Democracy