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Classical Studies 202 Ancient Roman Society Lecture # I

Classical Studies 202 Ancient Roman Society Lecture # I. -SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY- -GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND- -EARLY ITALY- -EARLY ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS- -THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC)- -THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY (510 BC)- -BREAK (10 minutes)- FILM: “The Romans. SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY.

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Classical Studies 202 Ancient Roman Society Lecture # I

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  1. Classical Studies 202Ancient Roman SocietyLecture # I -SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY- -GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND- -EARLY ITALY- -EARLY ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS- -THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC)- -THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY (510 BC)- -BREAK (10 minutes)- FILM: “The Romans

  2. SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY • a) Literature: on papyrus (e.g. in Egypt and Herculaneum), • on parchment (e.g. Dead Sea Scrolls), • or recopied by monks in the Middle Ages • Includes historians, philosophers, geographers, poets, politician’s speeches, letters, biographies, and encyclopaedias

  3. SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY b) Art and Artifacts: • Sculpture • Painting • Architecture • Daily Life

  4. SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY Inscriptions: • on stone or metal • Graffiti (graffito = a message scratched or painted on a wall)

  5. ROMAN GRAFFITI FROM POMPEII POLITICS • "I ask you to elect Marcus Cerrinius Vatia to the aedileship. All the late drinkers support him. Florus and Fructus wrote this." • "The goldsmiths unanimously urge the election of Gaius Cuspius Pansa as aedile." • "The petty thieves support Vatia for the aedileship."

  6. ROMAN GRAFFITI FROM POMPEII LOVE • "The weaver Successus loves the innkeeper's slave girl, Iris by name.“ • "I write at Love's dictation and Cupid's instruction; But damn it! I don't want to be a god without you."

  7. ROMAN GRAFFITI FROM POMPEII BUSINESS(?!) • "[A prostitute's sign] I am yours for 2 asses(dollars) cash.“ DEEP THOUGHTS"I wonder, O wall, that you have not fallen in ruins from supporting the stupidities of so many scribblers."

  8. SOURCES FOR ROMAN SOCIETY • d) Coins • e) Administrative Records on papyrus or wooden tablets • f) Why not grave finds?

  9. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND Roman World = Mediterranean World • “Our Sea” Gibraltar to the Dardanelles • 7600 km coastline / 90,000sq miles / 4x Greece • 1600 km long peninsula • Climate control; Sahara Desert • Mediterranean triad (grain, olives, grapes)

  10. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND • Italian mountain ranges: Alps in the north Apennines down the centre • Major rivers: Po in the north Tiber at Rome (centre)

  11. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND • Celts north of the Po • Greeks in southern Italy • Latium (the “Latin” plain surrounding Rome) • Rome: 7 hills (Capitoline = stronghold)

  12. EARLY ITALY • Urnfield Culture • Villanovans (about 1000-750 BC) • Palatine • wattle and daub houses (twigs covered with mud) • Fossa People (buried their dead in trenches) • Magna Graecia (southern Italy settled by Greeks)

  13. EARLY ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS • 900/800 BC Etruscans: lived in Etruria(north-west Italy) Language unknown Famed as town planners • Etruscan League (12 tribes = 12 cities)

  14. EARLY ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS • Mudbrick houses • Burial in decorated tombs arranged in “streets” (necropolis) • Bucchero (Etruscan black pottery) • Final metal workers and craftsmen in terracotta • Juppiter, Juno, Minerva

  15. EARLY ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS • 550 BC Expansion into Campania : beginning of Hellenistic phase • Emperor Claudius (last Etruscan speaker)

  16. THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC) • Aeneas (Troy) • Alba Longa : Chief city on Latian Plain • Romulus & Remus (legendary founders of Rome) • “She-wolf” • “Pomoerium” (sacred boundary) • Rape of the Sabine Women

  17. THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC) • “Rex” (King) • Lictors (attendans of Kings, and later magistrates) • Fasces (bundles of rods and axes, carried by Lictors) • Triumph (victory parade)

  18. THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC) • Patricians (social upper class order) 10 – 20% • Plebeians or plebs (social lower class orders) 80 – 90% • gentes (singular: gens) (clans)

  19. THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC) • Curiate Assembly (10 x 3 = 30 curiae) • centuries (units of 100 men) • Servius Tullius(578 – 535 BC): • political reforms wall around Rome / class system by wealth • census

  20. THE MONARCHY (753 - 510 BC) • Centuriate Assembly (18 cavalry + 80 first class + 90 other) • Ostia (port on the mouth of the Tiber)

  21. THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY (510 BC) • Tarquinius Superbus (“the arrogant”) • Lucretia, Brutus • Establishment of the Res Publica (Republic of Rome)

  22. BREAK (10 minutes) FILM: “The Romans”

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