Audit Planning and Analytical Procedures

1. Audit Planning andAnalytical Procedures Chapter 8

2. 與本章有關我國之審計準則公報 • 審計準則公報第47號 財務報表審計之規劃 • 審計準則公報第17號 繼任會計師與前任會計師間之聯繫 • 審計準則公報第50號 分析性程序 • 審計準則公報第27號 審計委任書 • 審計準則公報第37號 對受查事業之瞭解

3. Learning Objective 1 Discuss why adequate audit planning is essential.

4. Three Main Reasons for Planning 1.To obtain sufficient appropriate evidence for the circumstances: is essential if the CPA firm to minimize legal liability and maintain a good reputation in the business community. • To help keep audit costs reasonable helps the firm • remain competitive. • To avoid misunderstanding with the client is necessary for • good client relations and for facilitating high-quality work at • reasonable cost.

5. Risk Terms • Acceptable audit risk is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualifed opinion has been issued. • Inherent risk is a measure of the auditor’s assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account balance before considering the effectiveness of internal control.

6. Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach 1.Accept client and perform initial audit planning. 2.Understand the client’s business and industry. 3.Assess client business risk. 4.Perform preliminary analytical procedures.

7. Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach 5.Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk. 6.Understand internal control and assess control risk. 7.Gather information to assess fraud risks. 8.Develop overall audit plan and audit program.

8. Learning Objective 2 Make client acceptance decisions and perform initial audit planning.

9. Initial Audit Planning 1. Client acceptance and continuance 2. Identify client’s reasons for audit 3. Obtain an understanding with the client 4. Develop overall audit strategy

10. 1.Client Acceptance and Continuance • New Client Investigation AU315-the new (successor) auditor is required by auditing standards -審計準則公報第17號 繼任會計師與前任會計師間之聯繫 • Continuing Clients Under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct rules on independence,…unpaid fees,… previous conflicts,…client lacks integrity

11. 2. Identify client’s reasons for audit 3.Obtain an understanding with the client -Auditing standards (AU311) require that auditors document their understanding with the client in an engagement letter. -審計準則公報第27號 審計委任書 4. Develop overall audit strategy -Select Staff for Engagement -Evaluate Need for Outside Specialists

12. Learning Objective 3 Gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry.

13. Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry Factors that have increased the importance of understanding the client’s business and industry: • Information technology • Global operations • Human capital

14. Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry Understand client’s business and industry Industry and external environment Business operations and processes Management and governance Objectives and strategies Measurement and performance

15. Industry and External Environment Reasons for obtaining an understanding of the client’s industry and external environment: 1. Risks associated with specific industries 2. Inherent risks common to all clients in certain industries 3. Unique accounting requirements

16. Business Operationsand Processes Factors the auditor should understand: • Major sources of revenue • Key customers and suppliers • Sources of financing • Information about related parties

17. Tour the Plant and Offices By viewing the physical facilities, the auditor can asses physical safeguards over assets and interpret accounting data related to assets.

18. Identify Related Parties A related party is defined as an affiliated company, a principal owner of the client company, or any other party with which the client deals, where one of the parties can influence the management or policies of the other.

19. Management and Governance Management establishes the strategies and processes followed by the client’s business. Governance includes the client’s organizational structure, as well as the activities of the board of directors and the audit committee. • Corporate charter and bylaws • Code of ethics • Meeting minutes

20. Code of Ethics In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC now requires each public company to disclose whether is has adopted a code of ethics that applies to senior management. The SEC also requires companies to disclose amendments and waivers to the code of ethics.

21. Client Objectives and Strategies Strategies are approaches followed by the entity to achieve organizational objectives. Auditors should understand client objectives. • Financial reporting reliability • Effectiveness and efficiency of operations • Compliance with laws and regulations

22. Measurement and Performance The client’s performance measurement system includes key performance indicators. Examples: • market share • sales per employee • unit sales growth • Web site visitors • same-store sales • sales/square foot Performance measurement includes ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.

23. Learning Objective 4 Assess client business risk. 重要說明列示於figure 8-4(下面投影片說明)

24. Assess Client Business Risk Client business risk is the risk that the client will fail to achieve its objectives. • What is the auditor’s primary concern? • Material misstatements in the financial statements due to client business risk

25. Client’s Business, Risk, andRisk of Material Misstatement Industry and external environment Understand client’s business and industry Business operations and processes Management and governance Assess client business risk Objectives and strategies Assess risk of material misstatements Measurement and performance

26. Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that management certify it has designed disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information about business risks is made known to them. It also requires that management certify it has informed the auditor and audit committee of any significant deficiencies in internal control.

27. Learning Objective 5 Perform preliminary analytical procedures.

28. Preliminary Analytical Procedures Comparison of client ratios to industry or competitor benchmarks provides an indication of the company’s performance. Preliminary tests can reveal unusual changes in ratios.

29. Examples of Planning Analytical Procedures Selected Ratios Client Industry Short-term debt-paying ability: Current ratio 3.86 5.20 Liquidity activity ratio: Inventory turnover 3.36 5.20 Ability to meet long-term obligations: Debt to equity 1.73 2.51 Profitability ratio: Profit margin 0.05 0.07

30. Summary of the Partsof Auditing Planning A major purpose is to gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry.

31. Key Parts of Planning Accept client and perform initial planning • New client acceptance and continuance • Identify client’s reasons for audit • Obtain an understanding with client • Staff the engagement

32. Key Parts of Planning Understand the client’s business and industry • Understand client’s industry and external environment • Understand client’s operations, strategies, and performance system

33. Key Parts of Planning • Assess client business risk • Evaluate management controls • affecting business risk • Assess risk of material misstatements

34. Key Parts of Planning Perform preliminary analytical procedures

35. Learning Objective 6 State the purposes of analytical procedures and the timing of each purpose.

36. Analytical Procedures AU 329 emphasizes the expectations developed by the auditor. • Required in the planning phase • Often done during the testing phase • Required during the completion phase

37. Timing and Purposes of Analytical Procedures Purpose (Required) Planning Phase Testing Phase (Required) Completion Phase Understand client’s industry and business Primary purpose Assess going concern Secondary purpose Secondary purpose Indicate possible misstatements (attention directing) Secondary purpose Primary purpose Primary purpose Reduce detailed tests Primary purpose Secondary purpose

38. Learning Objective 7 Select the most appropriate analytical procedure from among the five major types.

39. Five Types of Analytical Procedures Compare client data with: 1. Industry data 2. Similar prior-period data 3. Client-determined expected results 4. Auditor-determined expected results 5. Expected results using nonfinancial data.

40. Compare Client and Industry Data Client Industry 2009 2008 2009 2008 Inventory turnover 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.4 Gross margin 26.3% 26.4% 27.3% 26.2%

41. Compare Client Data with Similar Prior Period Data 2009 2008 (000) Prelim. % of Net sales (000) Prelim. % of Net sales Net sales $143,086 100.0 $131,226 100.0 Cost of goods sold 103,241 72.1 94,876 72.3 Gross profit $ 39,845 27.9 $ 36,350 27.7 Selling expense 14,810 10.3 12,899 9.8 Administrative expense 17,665 12.4 16,757 12.8 Other 1,689 1.2 2,035 1.6 Earnings before taxes $ 5,681 4.0 $ 4,659 3.5 Income taxes 1,747 1.2 1,465 1.1 Net income $ 3,934 2.8 $ 3,194 2.4

42. Learning Objective 8 Compute common financial ratios.

43. Common Financial Ratios • Short-term debt-paying ability • Liquidity activity ratios • Ability to meet long-term debt obligations • Profitability ratios

44. (Cash + Marketable securities) Current liabilities (Cash + Marketable securities + Net accounts receivable) Current liabilities Short-term Debt-paying Ability Cash ratio = Quick ratio = Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities =

45. Liquidity Activity Ratios Accounts receivable turnover = Net sales Average gross receivables Days to collect receivable = 365 days Accounts receivable turnover Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Average inventory Days to sell inventory = 365 days Inventory turnover

46. Ability to Meet Long-term Debt Obligation Debt to equity = Total liabilities Total equity Times interest earned = Operating income Interest expense

47. Profitability Ratios Earnings per share = Net income Average common shares outstanding Gross profit percent = (Net sales – Cost of goods sold) Net sales Profit margin Operating income Net sales =

48. Profitability Ratios Return on assets = Income before taxes Average total assets Return on common equity = (Income before taxes – Preferred dividends) Average stockholders’ equity

49. Summary of Analytical Procedures They involve the computation of ratios and other comparisons of recorded amounts to auditor expectations. They are used in planning to understand the client’s business and industry. They are used throughout the audit to identify possible misstatements, reduce detailed tests, and to assess going-concern issues.

50. End of Chapter 8