Active, Healthy Lifestyles for All: Thinking About Philosophy

1. Active, Healthy Lifestyles for All:Thinking About Philosophy Chapter 1

2. Adapted Physical Activity Model • Purpose • NASPE Standards • Federal Law Components • Empowering Change • Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor • Outcomes or Benefits

3. Adapted Physical Activity Model • Emphasis on abilities-based approach • Goal of self-actualization • Utilize humanistic philosophy promoting goals in the affective domain to overcome societal barriers • Utilize NASPE standards and IDEA to develop additional goals and meet legal mandates

4. Adapted Physical Activity Model • Empowering individuals to: • Gain control of their lives • Have power equal to others • Feel responsible for self and others • Outcomes related to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains as integrated elements

5. Adapted Physical Activity Service delivery, pedagogy, coaching, training, or empowerment All ages Various settings available - not just school based Provided by various qualified professionals Adapted Physical Education Services delivered to school-aged children from birth through age 21 Various settings available -school based General physical educators and specialists provide services

6. Disability and Individual Differences • WHO - limitation in performing activity • Socially constructed definition • Professionals - a legal classification that makes an individual with activity limitations eligible for aid

7. Central Themes • Attitudes • Adapted physical activity • Recreation • Sport • Crossdisciplinary • Lifespan

8. Central Themes • Attitudes - enduring sets of beliefs that predispose a person to certain kinds of behaviors • Embrace individual differences • Key to changing behaviors in self and others

9. Central Themes • Adapted physical activity • Emphasis on all age groups not limited to school-based programs • Emphasis on various professions within the discipline (i.e., exercise, sport, fitness, science, therapy, etc.) - not just teaching

10. Central Themes • Recreation • Physical education and recreation are interrelated • Broader scope of activities than physical education

11. Central Themes • Sport • Various levels (developmental, recreational, competitive, elite) • Various settings (inclusive or separate; wheelchair, ambulatory, or mixed) • European definition of sport as all structured physical activity (sport, aquatics, dance, exercise, and rhythmics)

12. Central Themes • Sport • Disability sport - training and competition conducted by Deaf sport, Special Olympics, and Paralympics • Adapted sport - umbrella term used primarily in school settings and states that have interscholastic athletics for students with disabilities

13. Central Themes • Crossdisciplinary • Integrating knowledge from many disciplines to create a distinct, unique body of knowledge that focuses on adaptation, individual differences, and physical activity • Lifespan • Inclusion of people of all ages

14. Adaptation • Modification • Accommodation • Supports

15. Adaptation • Assessing and managing variables and services to meet unique needs and achieve desired outcomes • Variables - anything that can be changed • Tasks • Person • Environment

16. Modification • Alter or lower the criteria that the student must meet in order to be considered successful

17. Accommodation • Providing access, removing barriers, or minimizing limitations in order to facilitate a student’s achievement of the same goals as peers

18. Support Services • Supplementary resources and aids that are provided to enable students with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled peers • Human supports - consultants, aides, peer and cross-age tutors, etc. • Nonhuman supports - architectural adaptations, prostheses, orthoses, wheelchairs, braille materials, etc.

19. Adaptation Theory • Theory - conceptual framework that describes, explains, or predicts • Grand theory - unified conceptual framework that encompasses many contributing theories

20. Adaptation Theory • Adaptation theory is a grand theory • Guides everyday thinking about beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and actions associated with APA service delivery • Changes in knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and actions lead to learning

21. Adapted - education or service delivery • Verb denoting the process of modifying • Adjective referring to a program or service delivery outcome • Adaptive - behaviors • Adjective that describes client behaviors in occupational therapy

22. Service Delivery • Job functions that general and adapted physical educators perform within a service delivery system • PAP-TE-CA - illustrative of typical job functions

23. PAP-TE-CA • Planning • Assessment of individual/ Ecosystems • Preparation, meetings, and written work • Teaching/ Counseling/Coaching • Evaluation of Services • Consultation • Advocacy

24. Good service delivery is adapting • Generalists • Specialists • Good teaching is adapting

25. Ecosystems and Ecological Theory • Ecosystem – an individual in continuous interaction with his or her environment • Process includes everyone/thing who influences an individual (i.e., family, community, school, work site, good/bad experiences, etc.) • Ecological task analysis (ETA) – systematic process used to determine adaptations

26. Important Concepts from IDEA • Person-first language • Disability categories • Special education services • Related Services • Individualized Family Service Plan • Individualized Education Program • Least Restrictive Environment • Transition Services

27. Important Concepts from IDEA • Person-first language • Emphasis on person and not disability as identifier • Emphasis on person with certain abilities and disabilities • Exception - does not apply to deafness • Deafness as a linguistic culture • Refer to as Deaf

28. Important Concepts from IDEA • Disability categories • 13 specific conditions identified • Definitions change over time • Special education services • Instructional services for students with disabilities including physical education

29. Important Concepts from IDEA • Related Services • Developmental, corrective, or supportive services • Assist student to benefit from special education • Physical education is not a related service

30. Important Concepts from IDEA • Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) • Indicates eligibility of services for infants and toddlers who have developmental delays or who are at risk for delays

31. Important Concepts from IDEA • Individualized Education Program (IEP) • Indicates eligibility of services for students ages 3-21 who have met criteria for assignment to a disability category • Indicates eligibility of services for students ages 3-9 who have met criteria for assignment to developmental delays category

32. Important Concepts from IDEA • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) • Legal term that describes the place where instruction must be provided • Examples include the general education setting, resource rooms, separate classes, separate schools, or homebound/hospital settings

33. Important Concepts from IDEA • Transition Services • In IFSP - at age 3 transition to preschool special education or other appropriate services • In IEP - no later than age 16 begin to provide services to all for transition from school-based services to community living and working

34. Individual Differences and Normal Curve Theory • Individual differences - person-environment interactions that deviate significantly from the norm • Deviation from normal is related to the normal curve in which 68% of the population fall within one standard deviation of the mean

35. Individual Differences and Normal Curve Theory • Traditional criterion for special education eligibility is 2 standard deviations below the mean • Only 2-3% of population • However, any individual falling below the mean may benefit from special help

36. Professional Preparation • Generalists • Deliver APA services in school and nonschool settings • Completed one or more courses in APE • Completed practicum experiences with individuals with disabilities • Knowledge of infusion

37. Professional Preparation • Specialists • Employed part- or full-time in APA delivery or consultation • Completed undergraduate or graduate degrees with specialization in adapted physical education • Knowledge of infusion

38. Professional Qualifications • State certifications in APE • Adapted Physical Education National Standards (APENS) • Voluntary certification generally by exam • CAPE - Certified Adapted Physical Educator • NCPERID • ACSM - certifies health and fitness specialists who work with all age groups

39. History Guides Philosophy • Philosophy - system of beliefs that guide intentions and actions of a person or the purpose and practices of a profession • History helps us understand our philosophy and the philosophy of others

40. History Guides Philosophy • Study guides reflective and critical thinking • Reflective thinking - consideration of the political, moral, and social implications of what we think, feel, and do • Critical thinking - analysis or evaluation of beliefs in terms of specific preset criteria

41. Evolution of Treatment and Education • Acceptance level varies across time • Gift from God • Test of religious faith • Punishment for past sins • Useless family or community property • Acceptance level varies today

42. Evolution of Treatment and Education • Acceptance Before the 1800s • Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817 • Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice • Major Reforms and Placement Options • Today, the Challenge of Inclusion • Today, the Challenge of Cross-Cultural Complexity

43. Acceptance Before the 1800s • Killed or abandoned infants, elderly, or unfit • Acceptance and care provided by some families if sufficient resources were available • Therapeutic exercise, herbs, climate changes, and rest cures - way ahead of science

44. Acceptance Before the 1800s • Severe disability - people died • Mild disability - cared for and accepted or abandoned to fend for themselves • Historical accounts of beggars, hunchbacks, monsters, jesters, clowns, freaks, evil spirits, devils, or witches

45. Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817 • Residential facilities designed to help or educate - first was for Deaf individuals • Often called Institutions or Asylums • Generally for single disability • Managed by physicians • Treatment emphasis was on sensory training, exercise, and manual labor

46. Segregated Placements, Beginning in 1817 • Father of special education - Jean-Marc Itard • Edward Sequin - physiological education • Muscular or physical training • Education of the senses • Moral treatment • Physiological education later became known as sensorimotor and perceptual-motor training and was popular until the 1960s

47. Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice • More people institutionalized created separate categories (i.e., disabled/nondisabled) • Eugenics - movement to improve gene pool • Sterilization • Marriages by feebleminded forbidden • People favored euthanasia of defective infants • WWII - Nazi Germany conducted widespread sterilization and euthanasia of anyone believed to be inferior

48. Attitude Changes, Eugenics, and Prejudice • Other examples of prejudice and discrimination • 1938 - 33 U.S. states required sterilizations • Physicians, with permission from parents, gave no care to newborns with severe disabilities • FDR hid his own disability as much as possible

49. Major Reforms and Placement Options • WWII, polio, vehicle accidents - increased number of people with disabilities • Families advocated for children to remain home and attend local schools • Special education scope of disabilities served broadened • Day schools opened

50. Major Reforms and Placement Options • Civil rights and social justice • Separate but equal challenged for children with disabilities • Special Olympics founded - 1968 • Federal laws for education of children with disabilities • Nondiscrimination and equal opportunities