Open Earth Systems: An Earth Science Course For Maryland Teacher Professional Development

1. Open Earth Systems: An Earth Science Course For Maryland Teacher Professional Development EARTH HISTORY AND THE FOSSIL RECORD DAY 1 - Weds. July 9 AM Instruction: Solar System Origin, Early Earth & Habitability AM Activity: Dating the Earth PM Instruction: Major Events in Earth History PM Activity: Exploring Geologic Time DAY 2 - Thurs. July 10 AM Instruction: Climates of the Past AM Activity: Weathering, Erosion and Soils PM Instruction: The Fossil Record of Life PM Activity: Fossil Identification LINDA HINNOV, Instructor

2. OUTLINE Fossil and Chemical Remains of Life The Six Kingdoms Taxonomic Groups Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Prokaryotes The Protista The Fungi The Plant Kingdom The Animal Kingdom

3. Fossil and Chemical Remains of Life Fossilization Rapid disintegration (A) or covered by sediment (B); re-exposure by sediment disturbance (C). Dissolution can occur in uncompacted sediment (D). In compacted sediment fossil may leave an impression (E), and mineral replacement can replace original body (F); some bodies can remain intact (G). Tectonics (I) can cause deformation to the fossil; metamorphism can obliterate the fossil (H). http://www.trilobita.de/english/fossilize.htm

4. Fossil and Chemical Remains of Life • FOSSILS: • Tangible remains or signs of ancient organisms • Found in sedimentary rocks or sediments, especially marine sediments • Thousands to millions of years old • Most fossils are hard parts of organism • Teeth, skeleton • Trace fossils • Tracks • Trails • Burrows • Fossil need not be skeletal • Mold--3D negative imprint • Impressions--2D preservation of outlines and surface features • Carbonization--Concentrated residue of remaining carbon • Hard parts may be completely replaced by minerals

5. The Six Kingdoms EUKARYOTES: organisms whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes PROKARYOTES: microscopic single-celled organisms that have neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

6. Prokaryote v. eukaryote cells Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes specifically by their lack of a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes also lack most of the organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells, except for ribosomes, which occur in both. Prokaryotic cells have (1) appendages called flagella and pili — proteins attached to the cell surface; (2) a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane; and (3) a cytoplasmic region that contains DNA and ribosomes . Eukaryotic cell with subcellular components (organelles). 1-nucleolus 2-nucleus (has DNA) 3-ribosome 4-vesicle 5-rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 6-Golgi apparatus 7-Cytoskeleton 8-smooth ER 9-mitochondria 10-vacuole 11-cytoplasm 12-lysosome 13-centrioles within centrosome. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29

7. Taxonomic Groups • Taxonomy • Study of composition and relationship of the taxonomic groups • Taxonomic groups • The six kingdoms and their subordinate groups • Taxa

8. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life • Primitive traits • Appear early in evolutionary history • e.g., hagfish group traits • Derived traits • Evolved later • Present only in some subgroups • e.g., jaws, lungs, claws or nails, feather, fur, and mammary glands Phylogeny •Tree of life •Structure formed by branches of species • Horse ancestry • Detailed phylogeny from abundant fossil record • Three clades • Subfamilies • All members of the modern horse family belong to Equus and originated in North America

9. Prokaryotes • Bacteria gain nutrition in a variety of ways • Photosynthetic • Chemosynthetic • Consumers • At least 3 billion years old • Archaebacteria • Can tolerate extreme conditions • Very high temperatures • Hot springs • Low or no oxygen • Acidic conditions • Eubacteria • Divided by structure of cell walls • Cyanobacteria • Photosynthetic • Spherical • Filamentous • Can form mats or scum Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria

10. The protista Protozoans: Animal-like protista •Amoebas: Change shape •Flagellates: Flagellum for locomotion •Ciliate: Cilia for locomotion Multicellular algae • Unicellular algae: Plant-like protista • Dinoflagellates • Diatoms • Calcareous nannoplankton Halimeda (green algae) Ulva (green algae) Amoeba Dinoflagellate Protozoans with skeletons Planktonic foraminfer Zooflagellate Diatom Radiolaria Paramecium Calcareous nannoplankton

11. The Fungi • Decomposers--Obtain nutrients from dead organisms • Diverse--Yeasts; Mushrooms • Poor fossil record Laetiporussulphureus (Basidiomycota) Chytridium (Chytridiomycota) Pilobolus (Zygomycota) Scarcoscypha coccinea (Ascomycota) http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Fungi&contgroup=Eukaryotes

12. Angiosperms • Vascular: Vessels for transport of water, dissolved nutrients, food • Non-vascular: Transportation of materials by diffusion Plant Kingdom • • Flowering plants • • Pollen carried by pollenators (animals) Ruelliahumilis Hippomanemancinella Gymnosperms • • “Naked seed” plants • • Conifers: Cone-bearing plants • Eggs fertilized in cone by pollen • Pollen bears sperm; carried by wind Seedless vascular plants • • Evolved first • • No leaves or roots Nonvascular plants Araucaria  heterophylla Asplenium  trichomanes http://www.albion.edu/plants/ Psilotum Halimeda

13. Animal Kingdom Cnidarians INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES • •Jellyfish and corals • •Inner and outer body layer • Jelly-like layer in between • •Use tentacles to catch prey • Stinging cells • •Sexual and asexual reproduction Sponges •Strain particles from water •Mostly eat bacteria •Flagella pump water through internal canals •Calcium carbonate or silica spicules support structure COELOMATES

14. Animal Kingdom • Arthropods • •Insects, crustaceans, spiders, trilobites • •Trilobite • -Three-lobed body • -External skeleton • -Gill-like structure for respiration • -Legs; primitive eyes INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES PROTOSTOMES Mollusks •Cephalopods •Bivalves •Gastropods •Monoplacophorans Segmented worms •Fluid-filled coelom •Each segment has own coelomic cavity •Expand, contract for movement Onychophorans •Between segmented worms, arthropods

15. Animal Kingdom INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES COELOMATES with lophophores • Brachiopods • •Two-valved shell • •Lophophores • -Pump water • -Strain food • Bryozoans • “Moss animals” • Colonial • Closely related to brachiopods • -Lophophore extended from skeleton to feed • -Calcified skeleton

16. Animal Kingdom INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Crinoids •”Sea lilies” • Sieve food using arms • Pass food to mouth with tube feet • May swim • May be attached by flexible stalk ECHINODERMS • Echinoids • Spiny-skinned form • Five-fold symmetry • Starfishes • Sea urchins

17. Animal Kingdom Amphibians •First to live on land as adults •Metamorphosis INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Fishes and Amphibians Fishes •Ray-finned fishes -Fins supported by thin bones radiating from body • Lobe-finned fishes -Evolved into amphibians -Coelacanth • Notochord • •Develops into vertebral column • •Usually bony • Primitive Chordate • Lancelet • Notochord is skeleton • Can swim • Usually rests

18. Animal Kingdom INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Reptiles •Eggs with protective shells •Ectothermic Dinosaurs Birds •Endothermic Therapsids •Ancestral mammals Mammals •Endothermic, with hair •Bear live young •Monotreme mammals -Lay eggs •Marsupial -Offspring develop in pouch •Placental

19. http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.phphttp://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.php

20. http://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.phphttp://burgess-shale.rom.on.ca/en/science/origin/01-life-tree.php

21. http://www.rareresource.com/images/lg-Eras_of_Life.jpg